Tools for Teaching

This section presents citations to syllabi, reports on successful courses, and other readings on feminist pedagogy in the sciences. A few of the citations offer assistance in K-12 teaching.

1 Alic, Margaret. “Discovering the History of Women in Science: A Course Outline.” SCIENCE FOR THE PEOPLE 11, no.6 (November/December 1979): 27-28.

2 Alic, Margaret. “The History of Women in Science: A Women’s Studies Course.” WOMEN’S STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 5, no.1 (1982): 75-81. Description of a course that is primarily historical.

3 Beauchamp, Rachelle Sender, ed. WOMEN’S EDUCATION DES FEMMES 9, no.2 (Fall 1991); Special Issue: “Women in Science: Options and Intolerance.” Among the articles are an editorial “Transforming the Science Curriculum,” by Rachelle Sender Beauchamp and Lisa Avedon and “Transforming Mathematics Pedagogy,” by Pat Rogers. Chiefly contemporary.

4 BLACK ACHIEVERS IN SCIENCE, TEACHERS GUIDE. Chicago: Museum of Science and Industry, 1988. Three of the sixteen scientists profiled are women: Patricia S. Cowings, Fern Y. Hunt, and Christine M. Darden.

5 Bose, Christine. “Teaching Women and Technology at the University of Washington.” WOMEN’S STUDIES INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY 4, no.3 (1981): 374-377. Describes an interdisciplinary graduate-level course with some historical content. Bibliography.

6 Fausto-Sterling, Anne, and English, Lydia L. “Women and Minorities in Science: An Interdisciplinary Course.” RADICAL TEACHER no.30 (January 1987): 16-20. Revised ed. Wellesley, MA: A. Fausto-Sterling, 1980. Descriptions of a college seminar on the historical and contemporary experiences of women and Blacks in science, and on non-European perspectives on science.

7 Friedman, Batya. “Bringing Knowledge of Women Mathematicians into the Mathematics Classroom.” MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER EDUCATION 24, no.3 (Fall 1990): 250-253. Chiefly contemporary.

8 Giese, Patsy A. “Women in Science: 5000 Years of Obstacles and Achievements.” APPRAISAL: SCIENCE BOOKS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE 25, no.2 (Spring 1992): 1-20. Includes a bibliography about women in the history of science and mathematics divided by adult and child/young adult reading levels.

9 Hinton, Kate. “Women in Science.” BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY 3 (1983): 313-401, 435-487. Course outline.

10 Kien, Jenny, and Cassidy, David. “The History of Women in Science, a Seminar at the University of Regensburg, F.R.G.” WOMEN’S STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 7, no.4 (1984): 313-317. A model for teaching about women and science that combines biographical and epochal approaches.

11 Koritz, Helen, ed. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE SCIENCE TEACHING 21, no.5 (March/April 1992); Special Issue: “Women and Science.” Contents: Sheila Tobias, “Women in Science — Women and Science;” George Banzinger, “Women-in- the-Science Program at Marietta College — Focusing on Math to Keep Women in Science;” Elaine Seymour, “Undergraduate Problems with Teaching and Advising in SME Majors — Explaining Gender Differences in Attrition Rates;” Merle Waxman, “Strategies for Improving the Representation of Women in the Medical Sciences;” Rita A. Hoots, “An Outsider’s Insights on Neglected Issues in Science Education — An Interview with Sheila Tobias;” Debra Chomicka, Leona Truchan, and George Gurria, “The `Women-in-Science’ Day at Alverno College — Collaboration That Leads to Success.”

12 Maggs, Christopher J. EXPLORING HISTORY: AN INTRODUCTION TO NURSING’S PAST. London: Continuing Nurse Education Programme, 1989.

13 Perl, Teri. MATH EQUALS: BIOGRAPHIES OF WOMEN MATHEMATICIANS AND RELATED ACTIVITIES. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley, 1978. Nine biographies with related activities for high schoolers.

14 Perl, Teri, and Manning, Joan M. WOMEN, NUMBERS AND DREAMS: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND MATH ACTIVITIES. Santa Rosa, CA: National Women’s History Project, 1982. Teacher’s manual available also.

15 Reynolds, Terry S., comp. THE MACHINE IN THE UNIVERSITY: SAMPLE COURSE SYLLABI FOR THE HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University, Society for the History of Technology, 1987. 2nd ed. Includes syllabus on women in technology.

16 Rosser, Sue V. FEMALE-FRIENDLY SCIENCE: APPLYING WOMEN’S STUDIES METHODS & THEORIES TO ATTRACT STUDENTS. New York: Pergamon, 1990.

17 Rosser, Sue V. TEACHING SCIENCE AND HEALTH FROM A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE: A PRACTICAL GUIDE. New York: Pergamon, 1986. Descriptive course outlines, thirty-one syllabi, and bibliographies. See especially chapter 5, “Women in Science: History, Careers, and Forces for Change.”

18 Rothschild, Joan. TEACHING TECHNOLOGY FROM A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE: A PRACTICAL GUIDE. New York: Pergamon, 1987.

19 Siegel, Mary-Ellen. HER WAY: A GUIDE TO BIOGRAPHIES OF WOMEN FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. Chicago: American Library Association, 1984. Rev. and expanded. Biographees include 43 scientists, 39 physicians, 19 nurses, and 10 mathematicians. Each brief biography is followed by annotated listings of books about the person suitable for child or young adult reading levels.

20 Tuana, Nancy. “Re-Presenting the World: Feminism and the Natural Sciences.” FRONTIERS 8, no.3 (1986): 73-78. Discussion of basic texts suited to the classroom, with lengthy bibliography.

21 Woodhull, Ann M., and Lowry, Nancy, and Henifin, Mary Sue. “Teaching for Change: Feminism and the Sciences.” JOURNAL OF THOUGHT 20, no.3 (1985): 162-173. While history courses aren’t the focus, this article does offer a helpful discussion of pedagogical strategies and teaching styles.

Both multi-disciplinary and specialized resources are listed here. Additional ones pertaining to particular disciplines are also found in the sections devoted to those disciplines.

22 (deleted)

23 Aldrich, Michele L. “Women in Science.” SIGNS 4, no.1 (Autumn 1978): 126-135. Review essay.

24 Alison, Kelly. “Women in Science: A Bibliographical Review.” DURHAM RESEARCH REVIEW 7 (1976): 1092-1108.

25 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, 1965- . This annual reference tool lists current work in the history of medicine and health care under subject categories such as “Women in Medicine,” “Gynecology,” “Hygiene,” etc.

26 Bindocci, Cynthia Gay. WOMEN AND TECHNOLOGY: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. New York: Garland, 1993. Contains both historical and contemporary citations on the relationship of women to agriculture and food technology, architecture, clerical work, communications, energy/ecology, engineering/inventing, health, household work, industrial work, labor organization, military/war, reproduction, transportation, development, and general work issues.

27 Chinn, Phyllis Zweig. WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS: BIBLIOGRAPHY. Arcata, CA: Humboldt State University Foundation, 1988. Rev. ed. Distributed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Cites books, journal articles, proceedings, reports. Not annotated.

28a Clewell, Beatriz C., and Anderson, Bernice. WOMEN OF COLOR IN MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & ENGINEERING: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Washington, DC: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1991.

28b CURRENT WORK IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE. London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. 1954-. See women-related topics in the subject index of this bibliographic journal.

29 Davis, Audrey B. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON WOMEN: WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THEIR ROLES IN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY. New York: Science History Publications, 1974. One of the earliest published women’s studies bibliographies. Broad in scope. Arranged alphabetically, without any indexes.

30 Eldredge, Mary, et al. “Gender, Science, and Technology: A Selected Annotated Bibliography.” BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL SCIENCES LIBRARIAN 9, no.1 (1990): 77-134. Includes sections on “Biography and History” and “Women Scientists.”

31 Frey, Linda, Frey, Marsha, and Schneider, Joanne. WOMEN IN WESTERN EUROPEAN HISTORY: A SELECT CHRONOLOGICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, AND TOPICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982-1984. FIRST SUPPLEMENT. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1986. Vol. 1, “From Antiquity to the French Revolution.” Vol. 2, “The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” With supplement, a total of nearly 24,000 references arranged in complex topical outlines. “Health/Medicine” is a sub-category of Social History under each historical period and country; “Science” is under Cultural History. See also “scientists,” “medicine,” and related terms in the subject indexes.

32 Giese, Patsy A. “Women in Science: 5000 Years of Obstacles and Achievements.” APPRAISAL: SCIENCE BOOKS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE 25, no.2 (Spring 1992): 1-20. Includes a bibliography about women in the history of science and mathematics divided by adult and child/young adult reading levels.

33 Grinstein, Louise S. “Women in Physics and Astronomy: A Selected Bibliography.” SOCIAL SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS 80, no.5 (May/June 1980): 384-398.

34 Henifin, Mary Sue, Amatniek, Joan Cindy. “Bibliography: Women, Science, and Health.” BIOLOGICAL WOMAN – THE CONVENIENT MYTH, ed. by Ruth Hubbard, Mary Sue Henifin, and Barbara Fried, pp.289-376. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1982. An unannotated bibliography of books and articles arranged by subject.

35 Hinding, Andrea, ed. WOMEN’S HISTORY SOURCES: A GUIDE TO ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. New York: Bowker, 1979. 2 vols. See entries under “scientists,” “scientific societies,” and branches of the sciences in vol. 2, “Index.”

36 ISIS CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY…, 1913-65. 6 vols, ed. Magda Whitrow. London: Mansell, 1971. For citations to biographies and studies of individuals, consult vols. 1 and 2, “Personalities.” See also headings beginning with the word “women” in the indexes to vol. 3, “Subjects” and vols. 4 and 5 which are arranged chronologically. Citations dealing with women bear the sub-division code “rw.”

37 ISIS CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1966-1975, ed. John Neu. London: Mansell, 1980. 2 vols. See #36 above for arrangement.

38 ISIS CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY … 1976-1985, ed. John Neu. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, in conjunction with the History of Science Society, 1989. 2 v. Supplemented by ISIS CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ITS CURRENT INFLUENCES, 1989-. See #36 above.

39 JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S HISTORY GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE, comp. Gayle V. Fischer. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992. Relevant bibliographies include birth control topics (“Abortion,” “Fertility,” “Infanticide,” “Material Culture,” “Reproductive Rights and Options”); “Childbirth;” “Health;” “Science and Technology;” “Professional Career Choices;” “Sexuality;” “Crafts, Trades and Home-based Work;” and “Factory Work.”

40 Kelly, Alison. “Women in Science: A Bibliographic Review.” DURHAM RESEARCH REVIEW 36 (1976): 1092-1108.

41 Kennedy, Rebecca, and Cadoree, Michelle. WOMEN IN THE SCIENCES. Washington, D.C.: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1990. LC Science Tracer Bullet, 0090-5232 ; TB 90-6.

42 Miller, Connie. FEMINIST RESEARCH METHODS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. New York: Greenwood, 1991. See chapter 11 “Science,” pp.230-256, for annotated citations of feminist critiques of science (chiefly contemporary; some with historical approach).

43 Miller, Gordon L. THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press, 1992. Includes section on “Women and Minorities in Science,” pp.173-179.

44 Schiebinger, Londa. “The History and Philosophy of Women in Science.” SIGNS 12, no.2 (Winter 1987): 305-332. Review essay. For response to the article, see comment by Hilary Rose in SIGNS 13, no.2 (1988): 377-380, and Schiebinger’s reply, pp.380-384. Repr. in SEX AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, pp. 7-34. Ed. by Sandra Handing and Jean F. O’Barr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

45 Searing, Susan. “Women and Science: Issues and Resources.” Madison, WI: Women’s Studies Librarian’s Office, 1991. Wisconsin Bibliographies in Women’s Studies Series. Updates frequently. 1992 and 1993 updates by Phyllis Holman Weisbard.

46 Shult, Linda, Searing, Susan, and Lester-Massman, Elli, eds. WOMEN, RACE, AND ETHNICITY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Madison: University of Wisconsin System Women’s Studies Librarian, 1991. Relevant sections of the annotated bibliography include: “Health/Medicine,” “History,” “Science/Mathematics,” and “Sexuality.”

47 Siegel, Mary-Ellen. HER WAY: A GUIDE TO BIOGRAPHIES OF WOMEN FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. Chicago: American Library Association, 1984. Rev. and expanded. Biographees include 43 scientists, 39 physicians, 19 nurses, and 10 mathematicians. Each brief biography is followed by annotated listings of books about the person suitable for child or young adult reading levels.

48 STUDIES ON WOMEN ABSTRACTS. v.1- , 1983- . Six/year with annual index. Abstracts of books and articles in all disciplines.

49 “Women’s Studies and S[cience], T[echnology], and S[ociety].” THE BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY. Bibliographic citations on this topic are part of the “Current Periodical Literature” column in many issues since 1988.

50 WOMEN’S STUDIES INDEX. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, v.1- 1991- Annual index beginning with citations for 1989. Covers a wide range of popular and scholarly periodicals that focus on issues of concern to women. Relevant subject headings include “Medicine-History,” “Science-Feminist Perspectives,” professions such as “Chemists,” “Mathematicians,” and “Physicians,” and the names of individual scientists.

51 WOMEN STUDIES ABSTRACTS. v.1- , 1972- . Quarterly with annual index. Citations to books and articles in all disciplines, with occasional abstracts.

52 Wylie, A., et al. “Philosophical Feminism: A Bibliographic Guide to Critiques of Science.” RESOURCES FOR FEMINIST RESEARCH/ DOCUMENTATION SUR LA RECHERCHE FEMINISTE 19, no.2 (1990): 2-38. This section features bibliographies of biographical works, collective biographies, and biographical dictionaries. Additional citations will be found in the appropriate sections by major field of endeavor.

Additional resources: Kali Herman’s WOMEN IN PARTICULAR: AN INDEX TO AMERICAN WOMEN (Phoenix: Oryx, 1984) serves as an index to biographical information on women found in 54 biographical dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference sources. Relevant field and career indexes are “Domestic Science and Home Economics,” “Medicine and Life Sciences,” and “Physics, Mathematics, and Earth Sciences.” BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, ISIS CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY and its cumulations, and the BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE are some of the other resources pointing to further biographical writings. Obituaries for women scientists and health professionals can be found in specialized journals and newsletters, general periodicals such as SCIENCE and NATURE, and local and national newspapers (many retrievable on-line in full-text). Alumnae magazines, especially from women’s colleges, often feature biographical articles on past and present faculty and students in the sciences.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF BIOGRAPHIES

53 Barr, E. Scott. AN INDEX TO BIOGRAPHICAL FRAGMENTS IN UNSPECIFIED SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS. University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1973. Alphabetic index to biographical material in 19th and early 20th century issues of AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY (London), NATURE, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, and SCIENCE. Some women are among the listings.

54 Herzenberg, Caroline L. WOMEN SCIENTISTS FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT: AN INDEX. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, 1986. An alphabetical guide to biographical entries on some 2,500 women scientists in approximately 130 standard works. A very useful index identifies scientists by their fields.

55 Hoyrup, Else. WOMEN IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND MEDICINE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Roskilde, Denmark: Roskilde University Library, 1987. International scope. References to biographies are alphabetical by name.

56 Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey. WOMEN IN SCIENCE: ANTIQUITY THROUGH THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY WITH ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986. Nearly 200 short biographical accounts, arranged alphabetically, plus a general bibliography and historical introduction, both arranged chronologically.

57 Siegel, Patricia Joan, and Finley, Kay Thomas. WOMEN IN THE SCIENTIFIC SEARCH: AN AMERICAN BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1724-1979. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1985. Organized by scientific discipline. Provides biographical sketches and brief bibliographies for some 250 women.

COLLECTIVE BIOGRAPHIES AND BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARIES

58 Arnold, Lois Barber. FOUR LIVES IN SCIENCE: WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. New York: Schocken Books, 1984. “Educational biographies” of naturalist Maria Martin Bachman (1796-1863), science educator Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793-1884), home economist Louisa C. Allen Gregory (1848-1920), and geologist Florence Bascom (1862-1945).

59 Bertsch, Sharon M. Grayne. NOBEL PRIZE WOMEN IN SCIENCE: THEIR LIVES, STRUGGLES, AND MOMENTOUS DISCOVERIES. Secaucus, NJ: Carol, 1992. Also published New York: Birch Lane Press, 1993.

60 BLACK WOMEN IN AMERICA: AN HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA, ed. Darlene Clark Hine. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1993. 2 v. To find relevant biographical essays, use the biographical index under: mathematicians (7 listed), nurses (19), physicians (39), psychiatrist (1), and scientists (3). See also the topical essays “midwives,” “physicians, nineteenth century,” “physicians, twentieth century,” “science,” and “mathematics.”

61 Gacs, Ute, et al., eds. WOMEN ANTHROPOLOGISTS: A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. New York: Greenwood, 1988.

62 Golemba, Beverly E. LESSER-KNOWN WOMEN: A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992. The “Index by Profession and Accomplishment,” pp.327-340, lists 9 women astronomers, 1 dentist, 5 inventors, 8 mathematicians, 5 midwives, 21 nurses, 39 physicians, and 41 scientists from 1600 to the present.

63 Kass-Simon, G., and Farnes, Patricia, eds., and Nash, Deborah, assoc. ed. WOMEN OF SCIENCE: RIGHTING THE RECORD. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1990. Articles on such areas as: geography, astronomy, math, engineering, physics, biology, medical sciences, chemistry, and crystallography.

64 Kosheleva, Inna. WOMEN IN SCIENCE. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1983. Biographies of Russian women scientists.

65 McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. NOBEL PRIZE WOMEN IN SCIENCE: THEIR LIVES, STRUGGLES AND MOMENTOUS DISCOVERIES. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1993.

66 Noble, Iris. CONTEMPORARY WOMEN SCIENTISTS OF AMERICA. New York: Messner, 1979.

67 NOTABLE AMERICAN WOMEN, 1607-1950: A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, ed. Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boyer. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971. 3 vols. “Classified List of Selected Biographies” covers botanists and horticulturists, geographers and geologists, health reform advocates, home economists, inventors, mathematicians, naturalists, nurses, physicians.

68 NOTABLE AMERICAN WOMEN: THE MODERN PERIOD, ed. Barbara Sicherman, et al. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980. Supplements the three-volume set of NOTABLE AMERICAN WOMEN [see James entry].

69 NOTABLE BLACK AMERICAN WOMEN, ed. Jessie Carney Smith. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992. Five hundred biographical entries of historical and contemporary women including: astronaut Mae C. Jemison; biologist Jewell Plummer Cobb; chemist Eslanda Goode Robeson; health administrator Effie O’Neal Ellis; midwife Biddy Mason; neurosurgeon Alexa Canady; pharmacists Amanda Gray Hilyer; Mollie Moon; and Ella P. Stewart; physicist Shirley Ann Jackson; surgeon Dorothy Brown; several nurses, nurse administrators, physicians and others.

70 NOTABLE HISPANIC AMERICAN WOMEN, ed. Diane Telgen, and Jim Kamp. Detroit: Gale Research, 1993. Biographical dictionary of historical and contemporary women including: astronaut Ellen Ochoa; healer Teresa Urrea; scientists Paulette Atencio; Clarissa Pinkola Est s; Romy Ledesma; and Adriana C. Ocampo; and several medical/health care workers and physicians.

71 O’Hern, Elizabeth M. PROFILES OF PIONEER WOMEN SCIENTISTS. Washington: Acropolis Books, 1985. Biographies of twenty women, mostly microbiologists.

72 Opfell, Olga S. THE LADY LAUREATES: WOMEN WHO HAVE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1986. 2nd ed. Includes biographical sketches of seven Nobelists in the sciences.

73 Read, Phyllis J., and Witlieb, Bernard L. THE BOOK OF WOMEN’S FIRSTS: BREAK-THROUGH ACHIEVEMENTS OF ALMOST 1000 AMERICAN WOMEN. New York: Random House, 1992. For breakthroughs of women in science, health, and technology, use the subject index under “Agriculture and home economics,” “Medicine,” and “Science and technology” (with many sub-headings).

74 Reed, Elizabeth W. AMERICAN WOMEN IN SCIENCE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR. Minneapolis, MN: Published by author, 1992. 400 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455.

75 Rudolph, Emanuel D. “Women Who Studied Plants in the Pre-Twentieth Century United States and Canada.” TAXON 39, no.2 (May 1990): 151-205.

76 Sammons, Vivian Ovelton. BLACKS IN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE. New York: Hemisphere, 1990. A biographical compendium of historical and living Black scientists and physicians. Although “women” are not indexed, the index does note those who were first in their fields, such as the first Black female Ph.D. in physics and the first elected to the American College of Surgeons.

77 Schacher, Susan. HYPATIA’S SISTERS: BIOGRAPHIES OF WOMEN SCIENTISTS. Seattle, WA: Feminists Northwest, 1976.

78 Uglow, Jennifer S., ed. THE CONTINUUM DICTIONARY OF WOMEN’S BIOGRAPHY. New York: Continuum, 1989. rev. ed. Frances Hinton served as Assistant Editor for Science, Mathematics and Medicine for the first edition, called THE INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF WOMEN’S BIOGRAPHY. In “Subject Index,” see A.3.2, “Health care: medicine, nursing, birth control, psychoanalysis,” and B.1.2, “Mathematics, pure sciences, medicine.”

79 WOMEN IN SCIENCE. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1988. Prepared by the NIH Advisory Committee on Women’s Health Issues.

80 Wupperman, Alice. “Women in `American Men of Science’: a Tabular Study From the Sixth Edition.” JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 18 (March 1941): 120-121. Statistics on the fields and occupations of 800 women (2.9% of the total entries) in the 6th edition of AMS, 1938.

81 Yost, Edna. AMERICAN WOMEN OF SCIENCE. Philadelphia, PA: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1943; Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1955. Rev. ed. Biographies of Ellen H. Richards (home economist), Annie Jump Cannon (astronomer), Alice Hamilton (industrial toxicologist), Florence Rena Sabin (medical researcher), Mary Engle Pennington (refrigeration expert), Lillian Moller Gilbreth (management engineer), Libbie Henrietta Hyman (zoologist), Wanda K. Farr (botanist), Hazel K. Stiebeling (nutritionist), Florence B. Seibert (chemist), Katharine Burr Blodgett (physicist), and Margaret Mead (anthropologist).

82 Yost, Edna. WOMEN OF MODERN SCIENCE. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1959: repr. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1984. Biographies of Gerty Theresa Cori (biochemist), Lise Meitner (physicist), Helen Sawyer Hogg (astronomer), Elizabeth Shull Russell (geneticist), Rachel Fuller Brown (biochemist), Chien Shiung Wu (nuclear physicist), Edith Hinkley Quimby (physicist), Jocelyn Crane (zoologist), Florence van Straten (meteorologist), Gladys Anderson Emerson (biochemist), and Dorothea Rudnick (embryologist).

This section covers general works on gender issues in the history of women in science. It further addresses career issues for women scientists — educational barriers and opportunities, entry into scientific and technical professions, status issues, and statistics. Some contemporary studies are included that bear out historical trends. Additional works on these themes appear in the sections on particular branches of the sciences.

83 Abir-Am, Penina G., and Outram, Dorinda, eds. UNEASY CAREERS AND INTIMATE LIVES: WOMEN IN SCIENCE, 1787-1979. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987. Articles by an international group of historians on a wide range of European and American women scientists. Individual contributions appear in this bibliography by subject.

84 Alexander, Wendy. FIRST LADIES OF MEDICINE: THE ORIGINS, EDUCATION AND DESTINATION OF EARLY WOMEN MEDICAL GRADUATES OF GLASGOW UNIVERSITY. Glasgow, UK: University of Glasgow, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, 1987.

85 Alic, Margaret. HYPATIA’S HERITAGE: A HISTORY OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE LATE NINTEENTH CENTURY. Boston: Beacon Press, 1986. Chronological treatment. Bibliography, pp.210-224, covers both primary and secondary sources.

86 Alsop, Gulielma Fell. HISTORY OF THE WOMAN’S MEDICAL COLLEGE, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, 1850-1950. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1950. For most of the century, this was the only medical school in which women could be full professors of physiology and chairs of the department.

87 Bachtold, Louise M., and Warner, Emmy G. “Personality Characteristics of Women Scientists.” PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS 31, no.2 (October 1972): 391-396.

88 Barlow, William, and Powell, David O. “Homeopathy and Sexual Equality: The Controversy over Coeducation at Cincinnati’s Pulte Medical College, 1873-1879.” OHIO HISTORY 90 (Spring 1981): 101-113.

89 Behringer, Marjorie Perrin. “Women’s Role and Status in the Sciences: An Historical Perspective.” In WOMEN IN SCIENCE: A REPORT FROM THE FIELD, ed. by Jane Butler Kahle, pp.4-26. Philadelphia, PA: Falmer, 1985. Review of the literature, with statistical tables and bibliography.

90 Benditt, John, ed. SCIENCE 255 (March 13, 1992); Special Issue: “Women in Science.” Contains articles on mentoring and career issues for women scientists.

91 Benjamin, Marina. “Elbow Room: Women Writers on Science, 1790-1840.” In SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945, ed. by Marina Benjamin, pp.27-59. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

92 Benjamin, Marina, ed. SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

93 Blake, Catriona. THE CHARGE OF THE PARASOLS: WOMEN’S ENTRY TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. London: Women’s Press, 1991. Set within the context of nineteenth century feminism in Britain, the book describes how, under the leadership of Elizabeth Garrett (London) and Sophia Jex-Blake (Edinburgh), women won a space in which to train and practice medicine.

94 Bonner, Thomas Neville. TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH: WOMEN’S SEARCH FOR EDUCATION IN MEDICINE. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.

95 Briscoe, Anne, and Pfafflin, Sheila, eds. EXPANDING THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE SCIENCES. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1979. New York Academy of Sciences ANNALS, 323.

96 Brumberg, Joan Jacobs, and Tomes, Nancy. “Women in the Professions: A Research Agenda for American Historians.” REVIEWS IN AMERICAN HISTORY 10 (1982): 275-296. Includes discussion of women physicians and identifies key books and articles published in the 1970’s.

97 Brush, Stephen G. THE HISTORY OF MODERN SCIENCE: A GUIDE TO THE SECOND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, 1800-1950. Ames, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1988. See section 6.7, “Women in Science.”

98 Brush, Stephen G. “Women in Science and Engineering.” AMERICAN SCIENTIST 79, no.5 (1991): 404-419.

99 Burstyn, Joan N. “Women in American Science.” ACTES DU XIe CONGRESS INTERNATIONAL D’HISTOIRE DES SCIENCES, 1965 2 (1967): 316-319. Speculates on reasons for low numbers of women in the sciences in the U.S. in the 1960s.

100 Byrne, Eileen M. WOMEN IN SCIENCE: THE SNARK SYNDROME. London: Falmer Press, 1991.

101 Chaff, Sandra L. “Images of Female Medical Students at the Turn of the Century.” In SEX AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O’Barr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

102 Chu, Clara, and Macdonald, Bertrum. “The Public Record: An Analysis of Women’s Contributions to Canadian Science and Technology Before the First World War.” In DESPITE THE ODDS: ESSAYS ON CANADIAN WOMEN AND SCIENCE, ed. by Marianne Gosztonyi Ainley, pp.63-73. Montreal: Vehicule Press, 1990.

103 Cole, Jonathan R. FAIR SCIENCE: WOMEN IN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY. New York: Free Press, 1979. An empirical study of women’s status as scientists. Includes numerous statistical tables. For critical reviews, see Karen Oppenheim Mason, “Sex and Status in Science,” SCIENCE 208, no.4441 (18 April 1980): 277-278; and Margaret Rossiter, “Fair Enough?” ISIS 72, no.261 (March 1981): 99-103.

104 Cole, Jonathan R., and Zuckerman, Harriet. “Marriage, Motherhood, and Research Performance in Science.” SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 256, no.2 (February 1987): 119-125. Examines the publication rates of women scientists from 1930 to the 1980s.

105 Cole, Jonathan R. “Women in Science.” AMERICAN SCIENTIST 69, no.4 (July-August 1981): 385-391. Touching on women’s marginalization in science historically, Cole analyzes evidence of inequality in the present. See his book (above) for a longer treatment of these themes.

106 The Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in Science and Engineering, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, National Research Council. CLIMBING THE LADDER: AN UPDATE ON THE STATUS OF DOCTORAL WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983. Updates earlier report, CLIMBING THE ACADEMIC LADDER: DOCTORAL WOMEN SCIENTISTS IN ACADEME, National Academy of Sciences, 1979. Provides copious statistics on education and employment.

107 Dembski, Peter E. Paul. “Jenny Kidd Trout and the Founding of the Women’s Medical Colleges at Kingston and Toronto.” ONTARIO HISTORY 77 (September 1985): 183-206.

108 Dickie, Ruth S. TIME OF TRANSITION, WOMEN IN SCIENCE: HISTORY OF SIGMA DELTA EPSILON-GRADUATE WOMEN IN SCIENCE, INCORPORATED, 1979-1986 SUPPLEMENT. Ithaca, NY: Sigma Delta Epsilon-Graduate Women in Science, 1988.

109 Eshiwani, G. S. “Women’s Access to Higher Education in Kenya: A Study of Opportunities and Attainment in Science and Mathematics Education.” JOURNAL OF EASTERN AFRICAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 15 (1985): 91-110. Time period 1964-1980.

110 Evans, Sara M. BORN FOR LIBERTY: A HISTORY OF WOMEN IN AMERICA. New York: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989. This general history provides contextual information on many issues relevant to science, health, and technology. See “birth control,” “family planning,” “home economists,” “housework, effect of new technology on,” “medical education for women,” “motherhood,” “science,” “sexuality,” and other topics in the subject index.

111 Fausto-Sterling, Anne. “Women and Science.” WOMEN’S STUDIES INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY 4, no.1 (1981): 41-50. Explores two questions: why are there not more women scientists? What would scientific inquiry and subject matter consist of if there were equal numbers of women and men scientists?

112 Ferry, Georgina, and Moore, Jane. “True Confessions of Women in Science.” NEW SCIENTIST 95, no.1312 (1 July 1982): 27-30. Summarizes some 500 responses to an article on the position of women in science and technology at that time (see NEW SCIENTIST 95, (1 April 1982).).

113 Fox, Robert, and Guagnini, Anna. “Classical Values and Useful Knowledge: The Problem of Access to Technical Careers in Modern Europe.” DAEDELUS 116, no.4 (Fall 1987): 153-171. A study of the problem of gender and scientific education in England and France from the late 19th-century up to World War I.

114 Gardiner, Linda. “Women in Science.” In FRENCH WOMEN AND THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT, ed. S.I. Spencer, pp.181-193. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985.

115 Glazer, Penina Migdal, and Slater, Miriam. UNEQUAL COLLEAGUES: THE ENTRANCE OF WOMEN INTO THE PROFESSIONS, 1890-1940. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987. See in particular chap. 3, “Motherhood and Medicine,” about Dorothy Reed Mendenhall and Anne Walter Fern; and chap. 4, “The Promise of New Opportunities in Science,” about Florence R. Sabin and Alice Hamilton.

116 Gornick, Vivian. WOMEN IN SCIENCE: 100 JOURNEYS INTO THE TERRITORY. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990. Rev. ed. A journalistic account of contemporary women scientists.

117 Haas, Violet B., and Perrucci, Carolyn C., eds. WOMEN IN SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PROFESSIONS. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981. Papers from a 1981 conference on Women in the Professions: Science, Social Science, Engineering.

118 Hafter, Daryl M. “International Conference on the Role of Women in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in the 19th and 20th centuries — Veszprem, Hungary, August 15-19, 1983. TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE 26, no.2 (April 1985): 262-267. Summaries of 15 papers presented at the conference.

119 Hall, Diana Long. “Academics, Bluestockings, and Biologists: Women at the University of Chicago, 1892-1932.” In EXPANDING THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE SCIENCES, ed. by Anne Briscoe and Sheila Pfafflin, pp.300-320. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1979. Chronicles the survival and success of women scientists in the face of discrimination during the University of Chicago’s first four decades.

120 Hanaford, Phebe A. DAUGHTERS OF AMERICA, OR WOMEN OF THE CENTURY. Augusta, ME: True, 1882. See chap.9, “Women Scientists.”

121 Handler, Bonnie S., and Shmurak, Carole B. “Rigor, Resolve, Religion: Mary Lyon and Science Education.” TEACHING EDUCATION 3, no.2 (Winter/Spring 1991): 137-142. Lyon was the founder of Mount Holyoke College where she established a chemistry department responsible for training many women chemists.

122 Harding, Jan, ed. PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND SCIENCE. London: Falmer Press, 1986. Papers from a 1985 British conference. Six grouped under “How It Is With Women” address women’s roles in science.

123 Harris, Barbara J. BEYOND HER SPHERE: WOMEN AND THE PROFESSIONS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978. Traces women’s education and employment in the professions from Colonial times to 1975. Extensive notes and bibliography.

124 Herzenberg, Caroline L. “The Participation of Women in Science During Antiquity and the Middle Ages.” INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE REVIEWS 15, no.4 (1990): 294-297.

125 Herzenberg, Caroline L. “Women in Science During Antiquity and the Middle Ages.” JOURNAL OF COLLEGE SCIENCE TEACHING 17 (1987): 124-127. Reprinted in WOMEN, Volume 3, ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Boca Raton, FL: Social Issues Resource Series, 1988.

126 Herzenberg, Caroline L., Meschel, Susan V., and Altena, James A. “Women in the Science and Technology of Antiquity.” CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL GASAT CONFERENCE v.1 (1989): 44-51.

127 Herzenberg, Caroline L., and Howes, Ruth Hege. “Women of the Manhattan Project.” TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (in press).

128 Herzenberg, Caroline L., Meschel, Susan V., and Altena, James A. “Women Scientists and Physicians of Antiquity and the Middle Ages.” JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 68 (February 1991): 101-105.

129 Hine, Darlene Clark. “From Hospital to College: Black Nurse Leaders and the Rise of Collegiate Nursing Schools.” JOURNAL OF NEGRO EDUCATION 51 (Summer 1982): 222-237.

130 Hoeflin, Ruth M. HISTORY OF A COLLEGE FROM WOMAN’S COURSE TO HOME ECONOMICS TO HUMAN ECOLOGY: 1873-1988 KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY. Manhattan, KS: College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1988.

131 Hornig, Lilli S. “Women in Science and Engineering: Why So Few?” TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 87, no.8 (November/December 1984): 31-41. Documents barriers to women, especially in higher education.

132 Howes, Ruth Hege, and Herzenberg, Caroline L. “Women in Weapons Development: The Manhattan Project.” In WOMEN AND THE USE OF MILITARY FORCE, ed. Ruth Hege Howes and Michael R. Stevenson, pp.95-110. Boulder, CO: Lynne Riener, 1993.

133 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION 9, no.3 (1987): Special Issue on science education for women. Includes “The Most Difficult Career: Women’s History of Science” by Dorinda Outram.

134 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S STUDIES 4, no.4 (September/October 1981); Special Issue: “Women and Science.” Contents: “Women and Science” by Connie Stark-Adamec; “Women and Science: A Critique of Biological Theories” by Meredith M. Kimball; “The Rearing of Women for Science, Engineering, and Technology” by Rose Sheinin; “Science Subject Choice and Achievement of Females in Canadian High Schools” by Joan Pinner Scott; “Cooperation and Competition in Science” by Marian Lowe; “Women and Science: Fitting Men to Think About Nature” by Hilde Hein; “Is Feminism a Threat to Scientific Objectivity” by Elizabeth Fee; “Is there a Feminist Biology” by Madeleine J. Goodman and Lenn Evan Goodman; “Women and Science: Two Cultures or One?” by Evelyn Fox Keller; “Diary of a Mad Feminist Chemist” by Anne M. Briscoe; “The Status of Women in Canadian Psychology: A Case Study of Women in Science” by Elinor W. Ames; and “Practical Tips for Coping with the Problems of Being a Seventeen-Career Person” by Connie Stark-Adamec.

135 Johnson, Thomas Cary, Jr. SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS IN THE OLD SOUTH. New York: Appleton-Century, 1936; repr. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1973. Chap. 4, “Sweet Southern Girls,” discusses the presence of science in antebellum girls’ schools and in magazines oriented toward women.

136 JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S HISTORY GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE, comp. Gayle V. Fischer. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992. See section on “Professional Career Choices,” pp.345-356.

137 Kien, Jenny, and Cassidy, David. “The History of Women in Science: A Seminar at the University of Regensburg, FRG.” WOMEN’S STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 7, no.4 (1984): 313-317.

138 Koblitz, Ann Hibner. “Science, Women, and Revolution in Russia.” SCIENCE FOR THE PEOPLE 14, no.4 (July/August 1982): 14-18, 34-37. Historical analysis of Russian women scientists in the late 1880s.

139 Koblitz, Ann Hibner. “Science, Women, and the Russian Intelligentsia: The Generation of the 1860s.” ISIS 79 (June 1988): 208-226.

140 Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory. “In from the Periphery: American Women in Science, 1830-1880.” SIGNS 4, no.1 (Autumn 1978): 81-96. Traces three generations of American women in science: the “independents” of the early 19th century, the educators and popularizers of the mid-19th century, and those who had to choose between science as a profession or an avocation after the Civil War.

141 Krishnaraj, Maithreyi. “The Status of Women in Science in India.” JOURNAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION 5 (Spring 1980): 381-393.

142 Kundsin, Ruth B., ed. “Successful Women in the Sciences: An Analysis of Determinants.” ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 208 (15 March 1973). In part I, twelve scientists from varied fields share their life experiences. The remaining parts present conference papers on family, education, economic factors, and other determinants of successful scientific careers. Repr. with title WOMEN AND SUCCESS: THE ANATOMY OF ACHIEVEMENT. New York: Morrow, 1974.

This section covers general works on gender issues in the history of women in science. It further addresses career issues for women scientists — educational barriers and opportunities, entry into scientific and technical professions, status issues, and statistics. Some contemporary studies are included that bear out historical trends. Additional works on these themes appear in the sections on particular branches of the sciences.

143 LaFollette, Marcel C. “Eyes on the Stars: Images of Women Scientists in Popular Magazines.” SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN VALUES 13 (1988): 262-275. Describes U.S. magazines from 1910-1955.

144 LaFollette, Marcel C. MAKING SCIENCE OUR OWN: PUBLIC IMAGES OF SCIENCE, 1910-1955. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Includes section “Women in the Laboratories,” pp.78-97.

145 Levin, Miriam R., and Mack, Pamela E. “The Transformation of Science Education at Mount Holyoke in the Gilded Age.” Paper presented at the Joint Meetings of the American Historical Association and the History of Science Society (December 28, 1988), available from ERIC (#ED309930). Discusses changes made in the science curriculum in the late nineteenth century to keep pace with opening positions in teaching, medicine, and research to women. Includes biographical information on faculty member Cornelia Clapp.

146 Long, J. Scott. “The Origins of Sex Differences in Science.” SOCIAL FORCES 68 (June 1990): 1297-1316. Examines differences in productivity as measured by number of publications by male biochemists who received PhD.s between 1956-58 and 1961-63 and female biochemists who did so between 1950-1967.

147 Lonsdale, Kathleen. “Women in Science: Reminiscences and Reflections.” IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY 20, no.1 (January-March 1970): 45-59. Entire issue is devoted to “Women in the Age of Science and Technology.

148 MacLoed, Roy, and Moseley, Russell. “Fathers and Daughters: Reflections on Women, Science, and Victorian Cambridge.” HISTORY OF EDUCATION 8, no.4 (1979): 321-333.

149 Malcolm, Shirley Mahaley, Hall, Paula Quick, and Brown, Janet Welsch. THE DOUBLE BIND: THE PRICE OF BEING A MINORITY WOMAN IN SCIENCE. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1976. (AAAS Report, 76- R-3)

150 Mandula, Barbara. “Talks at AAAS Meeting: Women Scientists Still Behind.” AWIS MAGAZINE 20, no.3, (May/June 1991): 10-11. Summary of presentations at an American Association for the Advancement of Science session on “Science Policy for Women in Science: Lessons from Historical and Contemporary Case Studies.”

151 Manthorpe, Catherine. “Science or Domestic Science?: The Struggle to Define an Appropriate Science Education for Girls in Early Twentieth-Century England.” HISTORY OF EDUCATION 15 (1986): 195-213.

152 Mason, Joan. “The Admission of the First Women to the Royal Society of London.” NOTES AND RECORDS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 46 (1992): 279-300. On Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson.

153 Mason, Joan. “Women in Science: Breaking out of the Circle.” NOTES AND RECORDS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 46 (1992): 177-182.

154 Mattfeld, Jacquelyn A., and Van Aken, Carol G., eds. WOMEN AND THE SCIENTIFIC PROFESSIONS: THE MIT SYMPOSIUM ON AMERICAN WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1965; Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1976. Papers by Bruno Bettelheim, Alice S. Rossi, James R. Killian Jr., Richard H. Bolt, Jessie Bernard, Lillian Gilbreth, Erik H. Erikson, plus panelists’ remarks.

155 Menninger, Sally Ann, and Rose, Clare. “Women Scientists and Engineers in American Academia.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S STUDIES 3, no.3 (May/June 1980): 292-299. Reports on a national study of employment patterns of women scientists and engineers in American colleges and universities.

156 Meyer, Gerald Dennis. THE SCIENTIFIC LADY IN ENGLAND, 1650-1760: AN ACCOUNT OF HER RISE, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE MAJOR ROLES OF THE TELESCOPE AND MICROSCOPE. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. A study of books, periodicals, and treatises on science written for female readers in 17th- and 18th-century England.

157 Morantz-Sanchez, Regina Markell. “The Many Faces of Intimacy: Professional Options and Personal Choices among Nineteenth- and Twentieth- Century Women Physicians.” In UNEASY CAREERS AND INTIMATE LIVES: WOMEN IN SCIENCE, 1789-1979, ed. Pnina G. Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, pp.45-59. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987.

158 Morrison-Low, A.D. “Women in the Nineteenth-Century Scientific Instrument Trade.” In SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945, ed. by Marina Benjamin, pp.89-117. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

159 Mozans, H.J. (pseudonym of John Augustine Zahm) WOMAN IN SCIENCE. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1913; Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1974; Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991. Covers women in mathematics, astronomy,physics, chemistry, the natural sciences, medicine and surgery, and archaeology, as well as women as inventors and as collaborators and inspirers of male scientists. Opens with a 100-page overview of “Woman’s Long Struggle for Things of the Mind” and closes with a chapter on “The Future of Women in Science.” Includes bibliography.

160 Myers, Greg. “Science for Women and Children: The Dialogue of Popular Science in the 19th Century.” In NATURE TRANSFIGURED: SCIENCE AND LITERATURE, 1700-1900, ed. John Christie & Sally Shuttleworth, pp.171-200. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1989.

161 Neverdon-Morton, Cynthia. AFRO-AMERICAN WOMEN OF THE SOUTH AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE RACE, 1895-1925. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989. Mainly concerned with social service programs in Virginia, Alabama, Georgia, and Maryland, and the development of a National Organization of Afro- American Women; includes information on health programs and higher education opportunities for Afro-American women, including nursing and domestic science.

162 Noble, David F. “A World Without Women.” TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 95 (May/June 1992): 52-57. An article adapted from Noble’s A WORLD WITHOUT WOMEN: THE CLERICAL CULTURE OF WESTERN SCIENCE.

163 Noble, David F. A WORLD WITHOUT WOMEN: THE CLERICAL CULTURE OF WESTERN SCIENCE. New York: Knopf, 1992. Ascetic religious culture’s role in the exclusion of women from the development of modern science.

164 Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey. “Marital Collaboration: An Approach to Science.” In UNEASY CAREERS AND INTIMATE LIVES: WOMEN IN SCIENCE, 1789-1979, ed. Pnina G. Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, pp.104-125. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987.

165 Outram, Dorinda. “Fat, Gorillas, and Misogyny: Women’s History in Science.” THE BRITISH JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE 24, no.82 (September 1991): 361-368.

166 Phillips, Patricia. “Science and the Ladies of Fashion.” NEW SCIENTIST 95, no.1318 (12 August 1982): 416-418. Maragaret Cavendish, Aphra Behn, Elizabeth Carter.

167 Phillips, Patricia. THE SCIENTIFIC LADY: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF WOMEN’S SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS, 1520-1918. New York: St. Martin’s, 1990. Traditional views of science as inferior to the classics and of women as naturally scientific allowed women to pursue scientific interests for centuries in England and the Continent. This book looks at who these women were and what and how they studied.

168 Ramaley, Judith A., ed. COVERT DISCRIMINATION AND WOMEN IN THE SCIENCES. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1978. (AAAS Selected Symposium, 14) Five papers document sex discrimination and discuss solutions. Not historical.

169 Richter, Derek, ed. WOMEN SCIENTISTS: THE ROAD TO LIBERATION. London: Macmillan, 1982. First person accounts by twelve women about their careers in ten different countries. Some reports include historical background.

170 Robbins, Mary Louise, ed. A HISTORY OF SIGMA DELTA EPSILON, 1921-1971: GRADUATE WOMEN IN SCIENCE. Graduate Women in Science, 1971. See also 1972-78 Supplement by Robbins (1978) and 1979-1986 Supplement by Ruth Strathearn Dickie, both published by SDE-Graduate Women in Science.

171 Ross, Mary Martin. “Women’s Struggles to Enter Medicine: Two Nineteenth-Century Women Physicians in America.” PHAROS OF ALPHA OMEGA ALPHA- HONOR MEDICAL SOCIETY 55, no.1 (Winter 1992): 33+.

172 Rossi, Alice S. “Women in Science: Why So Few?” SCIENCE 148, no.3674 (28 May 1965): 1196-1202. Discusses how “social and psychological influences restrict women’s choice and pursuit of careers in science” in the 1960s.

173 Rossiter, Margaret W. “Sexual Segregation in the Sciences: Some Data and a Model.” SIGNS 4, no.1 (Autumn 1978): 146-151. Statistics for 1920-1938. Repr. in SEX AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, pp.35-40. Ed. by Sandra Harding and Jean F. O’Barr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

174 Rossiter, Margaret W. “Women and the History of Scientific Communication.” JOURNAL OF LIBRARY HISTORY 21 (1986): 39-59.

175 Rossiter, Margaret W. “`Women’s Work’ in Science, 1880-1910.” ISIS 71, no.258 (September 1980): 381-398. Covers women in astronomy, scientific employment in the federal government, higher education, and home economics.

176 Rossiter, Margaret W. “Women Scientists in America Before 1920.” AMERICAN SCIENTIST 62, no.3 (May-June 1974): 312-323. Covers women’s scientific education, career patterns, and achievements. Includes tables and illustrations. Repr. in DYNAMOS AND VIRGINS REVISITED: WOMEN AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN HISTORY, pp.120-148. Ed. by Martha Moore Trescott. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1979.

177 Rossiter, Margaret W. WOMEN SCIENTISTS IN AMERICA: STRUGGLES AND STRATEGIES TO 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. A richly detailed history of American women’s education and employment in the sciences prior to World War II. Extensive references to primary sources.

178 Sabin, Florence. “Women in Science.” SCIENCE 38 (1936): 24-36.

179 SAGE: A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL ON BLACK WOMEN 6, no.2 (Fall 1989); Special Issue: “Science and Technology.” Contents: Kenneth Manning, “Roger Arliner Young;” Rosalyn Patterson, “Black Women in the Biological Sciences;” Shirley Malcolm, “Increasing the Participation of Black Women in Science and Technology;” Sylvia T. Bozeman, “Black Women Mathematicians: In Short Supply;” Valerie L. Thomas, “Black Women Engineers and Technologists;” Patricia Carter Sluby, “Black Women and Inventions;” Etta Z. Falconer, “A Story of Success: The Sciences at Spelman College;” Jewel Plummer Cobb, “A Life in Science: Research and Service;” Evelyn Boyd Granville, “My Life as a Mathematician;” Reatha Clark King, “Becoming a Scientist: An Important Career Decision;” Jennie R. Patrick, “Trials, Tribulations, Triumphs;” Ronald Mickens, “Black Women in Science and Technology: A Selected Bibliography;” book reviews.

180 Schiebinger, Londa L. THE MIND HAS NO SEX?: WOMEN IN THE ORIGINS OF MODERN SCIENCE. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989. Covers both the history of women’s contributions to the development of early modern science and the interrelationship between their subsequent exclusion from science and the growth of new “scientific” doctrines of gender differences.

181 Shmurak, Carole B., and Handler, Bonnie S. “Castle of Science: Mount Holyoke College and the Preparation of Women in Chemistry, 1837-1941.” HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY 32, no.3 (Fall 1992): 315-342.

182 Shmurak, Carole B., and Handler, Bonnie S. “Lydia Shattuck: `A Streak of the Modern.'” TEACHING EDUCATION 3, no.2 (Winter-Spring 1991): 127-131. Shattuck taught chemistry and botany at Mount Holyoke in the mid-nineteenth century.

183 Shteir, Ann B. “`A Connecting Link’: Women, Popularisation, and the History of Science.” RFR/DRF 15, no.3 (1986): 38-39.

184 Singer, Charles. “The Scientific Views and Visions of Saint Hildegard (1098-1180).” In STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND METHOD OF SCIENCE, ed. by Charles Singer, pp.1-55. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1917.

185 Sloan, Jan Butin. “The Founding of the Naples Table Association for Promoting Scientific Research by Women.” SIGNS 4, no.1 (Autumn 1978): 208-216.

186 Solomon, Barbara Miller. “Historical Determinants in Individual Life Experiences of Successful Professional Women.” In SUCCESSFUL WOMEN IN THE SCIENCES: AN ANALYSIS OF DETERMINANTS, ed. by Ruth B. Kundsin, pp.170-178. (ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 208, 1973.) Repr. with title, WOMEN AND SUCCESS: THE ANATOMY OF ACHIEVEMENT. New York: Morrow, 1974.

187 Standish, Leanna. “Women, Work, and the Scientific Enterprise.” SCIENCE FOR THE PEOPLE 14, no.5 (September/October 1982): 12-18.

188 Stepan, Nancy Leys. “Women and Natural Knowledge: The Role of Gender in the Making of Modern Science.” GENDER & HISTORY 2, no.3 (1990): 337-342. Review essay on recent books by Schiebinger, Russet, and Jordanova.

189 Stolte-Heiskanen, Veronica. WOMEN IN SCIENCE: TOKEN WOMEN OR GENDER EQUALITY? New York ; Oxford: Berg, 1991. International perspectives on women’s careers in science.

190 Tanio, Nadine. “Gendering the History of Science.” NUNCIUS 6, no.2 (1991): 295-305. Essay review on books on science and gender.

191 Tavill, A.A. “Early Medical Co-Education and Women’s Medical College, Kingston, Ontario 1880-1894.” HISTORIC KINGSTON 30 (January 1982): 68-89.

192 Trecker, Janice Law. “Sex, Science, and Education.” AMERICAN QUARTERLY 26, no.4 (October 1974): 352-366. Examines 19th-century scientific and medical opposition to higher education for women.

193 Trescott, Martha Moore. “Women and Engineering Education: Historical Sketches.” In WOMEN AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION: REPORT ON A CONFERENCE OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, 20 AND 21 MARCH 1987, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, pp.II1-II16. Northridge, CA: Women in Science and Engineering Programs, School of Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, 1988.

194 United States. National Science Foundation. WOMEN AND MINORITIES IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1982- present. Biennial source of statistics.

195 United States. National Science Foundation. WOMEN IN SCIENTIFIC CAREERS. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1961.

196 United States. Women’s Bureau. THE OUTLOOK FOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1948-1949. (Women’s Bureau Bulletin, 223) In eight parts: 1) science, 2) chemistry, 3) biological sciences, 4) mathematics and statistics, 5) architecture and engineering, 6) physics and astronomy, 7) geology, geography, and meteorology, 8) occupations related to science.

197 Verbrugge, Martha H. “The Social Meaning of Personal Health: The Ladies’ Physiological Institute of Boston and Vicinity in the 1850’s.” In HEALTH CARE IN AMERICA: ESSAYS IN SOCIAL HISTORY, ed. by Susan Reverby and David Rosner, pp.45-66. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979. Covers 19th-century popular self-education in physiology and hygiene.

198 Vetter, Betty M. “The Last Two Decades (Statistics of Discrimination Against Women Scientists and Engineers).” SCIENCE 86, 7 (July/August 1986): 62-63.

199 Vetter, Betty M. “Changing Patterns of Recruitment and Employment.” In WOMEN IN SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PROFESSIONS, ed. by Violet B. Haas and Carolyn C. Perrucci, 59-74. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981. Traces women’s scientific education and employment from the 1920s to the 1970s, and forecasts demands for scientists in specified fields in the future. Includes graphs.

200 Vetter, Betty M. “Women Scientists and Engineers: Trends in Participation.” SCIENCE 214, no.4527 (18 December 1981): 1313-1321. Measures women’s progress in the 1970s. Includes tables.

201 Visher, Stephen S. SCIENTISTS STARRED 1903-1943 IN “AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE.” Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1947. See list of fifty- two “Women Starred,” pp.148-149.

202 Walton, Anne. “Attitudes to Women Scientists.” CHEMISTRY IN BRITAIN 21, no.5 (May 1985): 461-465. Quotes extensively from men and women, 17th century onwards.

203 Warner, Deborah J. “Science Education for Women in Antebellum America.” ISIS 69, no.246 (March 1978): 58-67. Covers women’s education for, and contributions to, science (both formal and informal) before the Civil War.

204 Warner, Deborah J. “Women in Science in Nineteenth-Century America.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WOMEN’S MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 34, no.2 (February 1979): 59-66. Overview. Includes photographs.

205 Weis, Lois. “Academic Women in Science, 1977-1984.” ACADEME 73, no.1 (January/February 1987): 43-47. Data shows only slight progress in employment.

206 White, Martha S. “Psychological and Social Barriers to Women in Science.” SCIENCE 170, no.3956 (23 October 1970): 413-416. How women’s limited opportunities to interact with colleagues negatively affected their careers in science at that time.

207 Wilson, Jane S., and Serber, Charlotte, eds. STANDING BY AND MAKING DO: WOMEN OF WARTIME LOS ALAMOS. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Historical Society, 1988.

208 Wilson, Joan Hoff. “Dancing Dogs of the Colonial Period: Women Scientists.” EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 7, no.3 (Winter 1973): 225-235. Treats Colonial women in botany, agronomy, horticulture, and medicine, and argues the need for a new conceptual approach to studying them.

209 “Women in Science: An Analysis of a Social Problem.” HARVARD MAGAZINE (October 1974): 14-19.

210 Wupperman, Alice. “Women in `American Men of Science’: a Tabular Study From the Sixth Edition.” JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 18 (March 1941): 120-121. Statistics on the fields and occupations of 800 women (2.9% of the total entries) in the 6th edition of AMS, 1938.

211 Zuckerman, Harriet, and Cole, Jonathan R., and Bruer, John T., eds. THE OUTER CIRCLE: WOMEN IN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY. New York: Norton, 1991. Essays on gender issues in the careers of women scientists. Includes interviews with geneticist Salome Waelsch, astrophysicist Andrea Dupree, and biotechnologist Sandra Panen.

212 Zuckerman, Harriet, and Cole, Jonathan. “Women in American Science.” MINERVA 13, no.1 (Spring 1975): 82-102. Outlines a “triple penalty” for women: the cultural definition of science as an inappropriate career for women; belief that women are less competent than men; and actual discrimination.

Most of the entries in this section chart the portrayals of women historically by the disciplines of biology and medicine. Many focus on the debates over the nature of Woman, her sexuality and psyche. Some deal with perceived “female maladies” including hysteria, depression and other nervous disorders, and the magical powers and mystique assigned to female organs and physiology. Other entries examine the attitude toward women expressed in advertisements in medical journals and in advice manuals directed towards women, and the portrayal of women scientists in popular magazines. For feminist critiques of these views, see the following section, FEMINIST CRITIQUES OF SCIENCE.

213 Allen, Prudence. THE CONCEPT OF WOMAN: THE ARISTOTELIAN REVOLUTION, 750 B.C.-A.D. 1250. Montreal: Eden Press, 1985.

214 Andreski, Stanislav. “The Syphilitic Shock: A New Explanation of the `Great Witch Craze’ of the 16th and 17th Centuries in the Light of Medicine and Psychiatry.” ENCOUNTER 58, no.5 (1982): 7-26.

215 Aubert, Jean-Jacques. “Threatened Wombs: Aspects of Ancient Uterine Magic.” GREEK, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE STUDIES 30 (Autumn 1989): 421-449.

216 Barker-Benfield, Ben. “The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality.” FEMINIST STUDIES 1, no.1 (Summer 1972): 45-74.

217 Barker-Benfield, G. J. THE HORRORS OF THE HALF-KNOWN LIFE: MALE ATTITUDES TOWARD WOMEN AND SEXUALITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.

218 Barker-Benfield, G. J. “Mary Wollstonecraft’s Depression and Diagnosis: The Relation Between Sensibility and Women’s Susceptibility to Nervous Disorders.” PSYCHOHISTORY REVIEW 13, no.4 (1985): 15-31.

219 Barker-Benfield, G.J. “`Mother Emancipator’: The Meaning of Jane Addams’ Sickness and Cure.” JOURNAL OF FAMILY HISTORY 4 (Winter 1979): 395-420.

220 Battersby, Christine. “Genius and `The Female Sex’ in the 18th Century.” STUDIES ON VOLTAIRE AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 264 (1989): 909-912.

221 Bauer, Carol, and Ritt, Lawrence. “`The Little Health of Ladies,’ An Anatomy of Female Invalidism in the Nineteenth Century.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 36 (1981): 300-306.

222 Birken, Lawrence. CONSUMING DESIRE: SEXUAL SCIENCE AND THE EMERGENCE OF A CULTURE OF ABUNDANCE, 1871-1914. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988. Investigates why sexology emerged at the turn of the century and links it to consumerist ideology.

223 Birken, Lawrence. “Darwin and Gender.” SOCIAL CONCEPT 4, no.1 (1987): 75-88.

224 Blackwell, Elizabeth. THE LAWS OF LIFE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF GIRLS. 1852: New York: Garland, 1986

225 Bleier, Ruth. “Science and Medicine in the Social Construction of Woman: From Aristotle to the Corpus Callosum.” TRANSACTIONS AND STUDIES OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA 9 (1987): 267-288.

226 Bodemer, Charles W. “Historical Interpretations of the Human Uterus and Cervix Uteri.” In THE BIOLOGY OF THE CERVIX, ed. Richard J. Blandau and Karman Moghissi, pp.1-11. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.

227 Bridgforth, L.R. “The Sociology of Science: Women and Medicine in Nineteenth Century Mississippi.” JOURNAL OF THE MISSISSIPPI STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 26, no.1 (January 1985): 9-13.

228 Brown, Julie Vail. “Female Sexuality and Madness in Russian Culture: Traditional Values and Psychiatric Theory.” SOCIAL RESEARCH 53, no.2 (1986): 369-385.

229 Brumberg, Joan Jacobs. “Chlorotic Girls, 1870-1920: A Historical Perspective on Female Adolescence.” CHILD DEVELOPMENT 53 (1982): 1468-1477. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.186-195. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

230 Bullough, Vern L. “Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation.” BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 62, no.1 (1988): 74-89.

231 Bullough, Vern L. SEX, SOCIETY, AND HISTORY. New York: Science History Publications, 1976.

232 Bullough, Vern L., and Bullough, Bonnie. SIN, SICKNESS, AND SANITY: A HISTORY OF SEXUAL ATTITUDES. New York: Garland, 1977.

233 Burton, June K., and Johnson, Mary. “The Contents of Humanistic Manuals of Home Economics and Sex During the Napoleonic Era.” CONSORTIUM ON REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE 1750-1850: Proceedings 1983: 681-696. Instructional manuals for French women on household management, childrearing, health, sex, and care of livestock provide insights into views of womanhood and the family during the Napoleonic era.

234 Burton, June K. “Human Rights Issues Affecting Women in Napoleonic Legal Medicine Textbooks.” HISTORY OF EUROPEAN IDEAS 8, no.4/5 (1987): 427-434.

235 Cadden, Joan. “It Takes All Kinds: Sexuality and Gender Differences in Hildegard of Bingen’s BOOK OF COMPOUND MEDICINE.” TRADITIO 40 (1984): 149-174.

236 Cadden, Joan. THE MEANINGS OF SEX DIFFERENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES: MEDICINE, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, AND CULTURE. 1992.

237 Carlson, Eric T. “The History of Multiple Personality in the United States: Mary Reynolds and Her Subsequent Reputation.” BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 58 (Spring 1984): 72-82.

238 Castle, Terry. “The Female Thermometer.” REPRESENTATIONS 17 (1987): 1-27. On measuring emotions in the 18th century.

239 Cayleff, Susan E. “`Prisoners of Their Own Feebleness’: Women, Nerves and Western Medicine — A Historical Overview.” SOCIAL SCIENCE MEDICINE 26, no.12 (1988): 1199-1208.

240 Cayleff, Susan E. “She Was Rendered Incapacitated by Menstrual Difficulties: Historical Perspectives on Perceived Intellectual and Physiological Impairment Among Menstruating Women.” In MENSTRUAL HEALTH IN WOMEN’S LIVES, ed. Alice J. Dan & Linda L. Lewis, pp.229-235. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1992.

241 Chauncey, George, Jr. “From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: Medicine and the Changing Conceptualization of Female Diseases.” SALMAGUNDI 58/59 (Fall/Winter 1983): 114-146.

242 Chesler, Phyllis. WOMEN AND MADNESS. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972.

243 Clarke, Adele E. “Women’s Health: Life-Cycle Issues.” In WOMEN, HEALTH, AND MEDICINE IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL HANDBOOK, ed. by Rima D. Apple, pp.3-39. New York: Garland, 1990.

244 Cody, Lisa. “The Doctor’s in Labor; or a New Whim Wham from Guildford.” GENDER & HISTORY 4, no.2 (Summer 1992): 175-196. Analysis of reactions from a physician and the general public in 1726 to a report of a British woman giving birth to five rabbits.

245 Cohen, Alfred. “Prophecy and Madness: Women Visionaries During the Puritan Revolution.” JOURNAL OF PSYCHOHISTORY 11 (Winter 1984): 411-430.

246 Cohen, Estelle. “Medical Debates on Woman’s `Nature’ in England Around 1700.” SOCIETY FOR THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF MEDICINE BULLETIN 39 (1986): 7-11.

247 Connelly, Mark Thomas. “Prostitution, Venereal Disease, and American Medicine.” In WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt, pp.196-221. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

248 Conway, Jill. “Stereotypes of Femininity in a Theory of Evolution.” In SUFFER AND BE STILL: WOMEN IN THE VICTORIAN AGE, ed. Martha Vicinus, pp.140-154. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1972. Traces the intellectual legacy of Scottish biologist Patrick Geddes, author of THE EVOLUTION OF SEX, 1889. Originally appeared in VICTORIAN STUDIES 14, no.1 (September 1970): 47-62.

249 Cott, Nancy F. “Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850.” SIGNS 4, no.2 (Winter 1978): 219-236. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.57-69. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

250 Crawford, Patricia. “Attitudes to Menstruation in Seventeenth-Century England.” PAST & PRESENT 91 (1981): 47-73.

251 D’Emilio, John, and Freedman, Estelle B. INTIMATE MATTERS: A HISTORY OF SEXUALITY IN AMERICA. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

252 Davis, Dona L. “George Beard and Lydia Pinkham: Gender, Class, and Nerves in Late 19th Century America.” HEALTH CARE FOR WOMEN INTERNATIONAL 10, 2/3 (1989): 93-114. Discusses the feminization of nervous disorders.

253 Dean-Jones, Lesley. “The Cultural Construct of the Female Body in Classical Greek Science.” In WOMEN’S HISTORY AND ANCIENT HISTORY, ed. Sarah B. Pomeroy, pp.111-137. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

254 Dean-Jones, Lesley. “Menstrual Bleeding According to the Hippocratics and Aristotle.” TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 119 (1989): 177-192.

255 Decker, Hannah S. “Freud and Dora: Constraints on Medical Progress.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 14 (Spring 1981): 445-464.

256 Degler, Carl N. “What Ought to Be and What Was: Women’s Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 79, no.4 (December 1974): 1467-1490. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp. 40-56. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

257 DeRocher, Gregory. “The Trouble with Women: Some Medical Musings from 16th-Century France.” RENAISSANCE PAPERS (1987): 39-47.

258 Digby, Anne. “Women’s Biological Straitjacket.” In SEXUALITY AND SUBORDINATION: INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES OF GENDER IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, ed. Susan Mendus & Jane Rendall, pp.192-220. London: Routledge, 1989. Examines Georgian and Victorian British gynaecological and psychiatric texts and their assumptions about middle-class women.

259 Duffin, Lorna. “The Conspicuous Consumptive: Woman as Invalid.” In THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY WOMAN: HER CULTURE AND PHYSICAL WORLD, ed. Sara Delamont and Lorna Duffin, pp.26-56. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1978.

260 Dwyer, Ellen. “The Weaker Vessel: Legal Versus Social Reality in Mental Commitments in Nineteenth Century New York.” In WOMEN AND THE LAW: THE SOCIAL HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, vol.1, WOMEN AND THE CRIMINAL LAW, ed. by D. Kelly Weisberg. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1982.

261 Easlea, Brian. WITCH HUNTING, MAGIC, AND THE NEW PHILOSOPHY : AN INTRODUCTION TO DEBATES OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, 1450-1750. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1980. Begins to develop the theme of “the `male female relation’ and its relevance to an understanding of the general development and application of scientific knowledge” – from preface.

262 Ehrenreich, Barbara, and English, Deirdre. COMPLAINTS AND DISORDERS: THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF SICKNESS. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1973.

263 Ehrenreich, Barbara, and English, Deirdre. FOR HER OWN GOOD: 150 YEARS OF THE EXPERTS’ ADVICE TO WOMEN. New York: Doubleday, 1979. See especially chapter 2, “Witches, Healers, and Gentlemen Doctors,” chapter 3, “Science and the Ascent of the Experts,” and chapter 4, “The Sexual Politics of Sickness.”

264 Endres, Kathleen L. “`Strictly Confidential’: Birth-Control Advertising in a 19th-Century City.” JOURNALISM QUARTERLY 63, no.4 (1986): 748-751.

265 Evans, Martha Noel. FITS AND STARTS: A GENEALOGY OF HYSTERIA IN MODERN FRANCE. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

266 Fee, Elizabeth. “Nineteenth-Century Craniology: The Study of the Female Skull.” BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 53, no.3 (Fall 1979): 415-433.

267 Fee, Elizabeth. “Science and the Woman Problem: Historical Perspectives.” In SEX DIFFERENCES: SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES, ed. Michael S. Teitelbaum, pp.175-223. New York: Doubleday, 1976. Women as viewed through the lens of biology, anthropology, physiology, and psychology in the Victorian era and early 20th century.

268 Fellman, Anita C., and Fellman, Michael. MAKING SENSE OF THE SELF: MEDICAL ADVICE LITERATURE IN LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

269 Figbie, Karl. “Chlorosis and Chronic Disease in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Social Constitution of Somatic Illness in a Capitalist Society.” SOCIAL HISTORY 3 (May 1978): 167-197.

270 Furth, Charlotte. “Blood, Body and Gender: Medical Images of the Female Condition in China, 1600-1850.” CHINESE SCIENCE 7 (1986): 43-66.

271 Gamble, Eliza Burt. THE SEXES IN SCIENCE AND HISTORY. New York: Putnam, 1916. An argument for “the superiority of the female organism” drawing on evolutionary theory, theories of prehistoric social organization, and historical fact. Repr. Westport, CT: Hyperion, 1976.

272 “The Gendered Brain: Some Historical Perspectives.” In SO HUMAN A BRAIN: KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES IN THE NEUROSCIENCES, ed. Anne Harrington, pp.110-121. Boston: Birk user Press, 1992.

273 Gibson, Mary. “On the Insensitivity of Women – Science and the Woman Question in Liberal Italy, 1890-1910.” JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S HISTORY 2 (Fall 1990): 11-41.

274 Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan. THE MADWOMAN IN THE ATTIC. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979.

275 Gilman, Sander L. SEXUALITY: AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. New York: John Wiley, 1989.

276 Gilman, Sander L. DIFFERENCES AND PATHOLOGY: STEREOTYPES OF SEXUALITY, RACE, AND MADNESS. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.

277 Goldstein, Jan. “The Hysteria Diagnosis and the Politics of Anticlericalism in Late Nineteenth-Century France.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 54, no.2 (June 1982): 209-239. Part of special issue on “Sex, Science, and Society in Modern France.”

278 Gosling, F.G., and Ray, Joyce M. “The Right to Be Sick: American Physicians and Nervous Patients, 1885-1910.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 20 (1986): 251-267.

279 Gould, Stephen Jay. “Women’s Brains.” NEW SCIENTIST 80, no.1127 (November 2, 1978): 364-366.

280 Green, Monica. “Female Sexuality in the Medieval West.” TRENDS IN HISTORY 4, no.4 (1990): 127-158.

281 Griffin, Susan. WOMAN AND NATURE: THE ROARING INSIDE HER. New York: Harper & Row, 1978. Exploration of Western patriarchal attitudes toward the natural world and toward women, who are perceived as closer to nature than are men.

282 Hall, Diana Long. “Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s.” PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM 5, no.1/2 (1973): 81-96.

283 Haller, John S., and Haller, Robin. THE PHYSICIAN AND SEXUALITY IN VICTORIAN AMERICA. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974.

284 Hanson, Ann Ellis. “Hippocrates: Diseases of Women I.” SIGNS 1, no.2 (Winter 1975): 567-584. Translation with commentary.

285 Hawkins, Joellen W., and Aber, Cynthia S. “The Content of Advertisements in Medical Journals: Distorting the Image of Women.” WOMEN AND HEALTH 14, no.2 (1988): 43-59.

286 Herndl, Diane Price. INVALID WOMEN: FIGURING FEMININE ILLNESS IN AMERICAN FICTION AND CULTURE, 1840-1940. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.

287 Herndl, Diane Price. “The Writing Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Anna O., and `Hysterical’ Writing.” NWSA JOURNAL 1 (Autumn 1988): 52-74.

288 Horowitz, Maryanne Cline. “Aristotle and Woman.” JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 9, no.2 (Fall 1976): 183-213. Reveals Aristotle’s biological and political sexism. For another viewpoint, see Johannes Morsink, “Was Aristotle’s Biology Sexist?,” JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 12, no.1 (Spring 1979): 83-112.

289 Hughes, Beryl. “Archives-`Their Best Aptitudes’–Girls’ Education and the Tenth Australasian Medical Congress, 1914.” WOMEN’S STUDIES JOURNAL [New Zealand] 7 (November 1991): 66-76.

290 Jacoby, Robin Miller. “Science and Sex Roles in the Victorian Era.” In BIOLOGY AS A SOCIAL WEAPON, ed. Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective, pp.58-68. Minneapolis: Burgess, 1977. Examines the “mutually reinforcing relationship” between biological theory and ideology on sex roles in the nineteenth century.

291 Jacquart, Danielle, and Thomasset, Claude, and Adamson, Matthew, trans. SEXUALITY AND MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.

292 Jecker, Nancy S., and Self, Donnie J. “Separating Care and Cure: An Analysis of Historical and Contemporary Images of Nursing and Medicine.” JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 16 (1991): 285-306.

293 Jones, Kathleen W. “Sentiment and Science: The Late Nineteenth Century Pediatrician as Mother’s Advisor.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 17 (Fall 1983): 79-96.

294 Jordanova, Ludmilla J. “Natural Facts: A Historical Perspective on Science and Sexuality.” NATURE, CULTURE, AND GENDER, ed. Carol P. MacCormack and Marilyn Strathern, pp.42-69. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

295 Keller, Evelyn Fox. “Baconian Science: A Hermaphroditic Birth.” PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM 11, no.3 (Spring 1980): 299-308. Examines the use of gender in Francis Bacon’s metaphors for the scientific impulse.

296 Kern, Louis J. AN ORDERED LOVE: SEX ROLES AND SEXUALITY IN VICTORIAN UTOPIAS-THE SHAKERS, THE MORMONS, AND THE ONEIDA COMMUNITY. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.

297 King, Charles R. “Parallels Between Neurasthenia and Premenstrual Syndrome.” WOMEN AND HEALTH 4 (1989): 1-23.

298 Klein, Viola. THE FEMININE CHARACTER: HISTORY OF AN IDEOLOGY. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1946. See chapter 3, “The Biological Approach: Havelock Ellis.”

299 Kushner, Howard I. “Women and Suicide in Historical Perspective.” SIGNS 10 (Spring 1985): 537-552.

300 LaFollette, Marcel C. “Eyes on the Stars: Images of Women Scientists in Popular Magazines.” SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN VALUES 13 (1988): 262-275. Describes U.S. magazines from 1910-1955.

301 Laqueur, Thomas. MAKING SEX: BODY AND GENDER FROM THE GREEKS TO FREUD. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.

302 Lastinger, Valerie Cretaux. “Word of Mouth, Word of Womb: Denis Diderot and Hysterical Discourse.” WOMEN’S STUDIES QUARTERLY 21 (1992): 131-142.

303 Laurence, Anne. “Women’s Psychological Disorders in 17th-century Britain.” CURRENT ISSUES IN WOMEN’S HISTORY, ed. Arina Angerman et al. London: Routledge, 1989.

304 Lemay, Helen. “Women and the Literature of Obstetrics and Gynecology.” MEDIEVAL WOMEN AND THE SOURCES OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY, ed. Joel T. Rosenthal, pp.189-209. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990.

305 Lewin, Miriam, ed. IN THE SHADOW OF THE PAST: PSYCHOLOGY PORTRAYS THE SEXES. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.

306 Lewontin, R. C., Rose, Steven, and Kamin, Leon J. NOT IN OUR GENES: BIOLOGY, IDEOLOGY, AND HUMAN NATURE. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

307 Lingo, Alison K. “Empirics and Charlatans in Early Modern France: the Genesis of the Classification of the `Other’ in Medical Practice.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 19 (Summer 1986): 583-604.

308 Longino, Helen, and Doell, Ruth. “Body, Bias, and Behavior: A Comparative Analysis of Reasoning in Two Areas of Biological Science.” SIGNS 9, no.2 (Winter 1983): 206-227. Looks at evolutionary studies and endocrinological research. Repr. in SEX AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, pp.165-186. Ed. by Sandra Harding and Jean F. O’Barr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

309 Lunbeck, Elizabeth. “`A New Generation of Women’: Progressive Psychiatrists and the Hypersexual Female.” FEMINIST STUDIES 13 (Fall 1987): 513-543.

Most of the entries in this section chart the portrayals of women historically by the disciplines of biology and medicine. Many focus on the debates over the nature of Woman, her sexuality and psyche. Some deal with perceived “female maladies” including hysteria, depression and other nervous disorders, and the magical powers and mystique assigned to female organs and physiology. Other entries examine the attitude toward women expressed in advertisements in medical journals and in advice manuals directed towards women, and the portrayal of women scientists in popular magazines. For feminist critiques of these views, see the following section, FEMINIST CRITIQUES OF SCIENCE.

310 MacDonald, Michael. “Women and Madness in Tudor and Stuart England.” SOCIAL RESEARCH 53, no.2 (1986): 261-281.

311 Maclean, Ian. THE RENAISSANCE NOTION OF WOMAN: A STUDY IN THE FORTUNES OF SCHOLASTICISM AND MEDICAL SCIENCE IN EUROPEAN INTELLECTUAL LIFE. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

312 Magner, Lois. “Women and the Scientific Idiom: Textual Episodes from Wollstonecraft, Fuller, Gilman, and Firestone.” SIGNS 4, no.1 (Autumn 1978): 61-80. Demonstrates how feminist theorists incorporated the scientific paradigms of their times into their writings.

313 Maines, Rachel. “Socially Camouflaged Technologies: The Case of the Electromagnetic Vibrator.” IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE MAGAZINE 8, no.2 (June 1989): 3-11.

314 Martin, Emily. “Medical Metaphors of Women’s Bodies: Menstruation and Menopause.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 18 (1988): 237-254.

315 Martin, Emily. THE WOMAN IN THE BODY: A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTION. Boston: Beacon, 1987. See section two, “Science as a Cultural System.” Martin, an anthropologist, compares medical metaphors for menstruation, childbirth, and menopause to women’s own description of these events.

316 Massey, Marilyn Chapin. “Feminine Soul: The Fate of an Ideal.” Boston: Beacon, 1985.

317 Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. A DARK SCIENCE: WOMEN, SEXUALITY, AND PSYCHIATRY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1986.

318 McGovern, Constance M. “Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Women in America: An Historical Note.” PSYCHOANALYTIC REVIEW 71 (1984): 541-552.

319 McLaren, Angus. SEXUALITY AND SOCIAL ORDER: THE DEBATE OVER THE FERTILITY OF WOMEN AND WORKERS IN FRANCE, 1770-1920. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1983.

320 McReynolds, Rosalee. “The Sexual Politics of Illness in Turn of the Century Libraries.” LIBRARIES & CULTURE 25 (Spring 1990): 194-217.

321 Merchant, Carolyn. THE DEATH OF NATURE: WOMEN, ECOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION. New York: Harper and Row, 1980. Historical exploration of the interconnection of women and nature in Western scientific thought between 1500 and 1700. Illustrated.

322 Merchant, Carolyn. “Isis’ Consciousness Raised.” ISIS 73, no.268 (September 1982): 398-409. On the Western scientific view; the role of language, image, and metaphor in scientific and historical writing; and the study of women.

323 Micale, Mark S. “Hysteria and Its Historiography: A Review of Past and Present Writings.” Part I: HISTORY OF SCIENCE 27, no.3 (September 1989): 223-261. Part II: HISTORY OF SCIENCE 27, no.4 (December 1989): 319-351.

324 Micale, Mark S. “Hysteria Male/Hysteria Female: Reflections on Comparative Gender Construction in Nineteenth-Century France and Britain.” In SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945, ed. by Marina Benjamin, pp.200-237. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

325 Mitchinson, Wendy. “Gender and Insanity as Characteristics of the Insane: A Nineteenth-Century Case.” CANADIAN BULLETIN OF MEDICAL HISTORY/BULLETIN CANADIEN D’HISTOIRE DE LA MEDICINE 4 (Winter 1987): 99-117.

326 Mitchinson, Wendy. “Historical Attitudes Toward Women and Childbirth.” ATLANTIS 4, no.2, part 2 (Spring 1979): 13-34. Focus on Canada.

327 Mitchinson, Wendy. “Hysteria and Insanity in Women: A Nineteenth- Century Canadian Perspective.” JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES/REVUE D’ TUDES CANADIENNES 21 (Fall 1986): 87-105.

328 Mitchinson, Wendy. “Medical Perceptions of Female Sexuality: A Late Nineteenth Century Case.” SCIENTIA CANADENSIS 9 (1985): 67-81.

329 Mitchinson, Wendy. “Medical Perceptions of Healthy Women: The Case of Late Nineteenth-Century Canada.” CANADIAN WOMAN STUDIES/LES CAHIERS DE LA FEMMME 8 (Winter 1987): 42-43.

330 Mitchinson, Wendy. “The Medical View of Women: The Case of Late Nineteenth-Century Canada.” CANADIAN BULLETIN OF MEDICAL HISTORY/BULLETIN CANADIEN D’HISTOIRE DE LA MEDICINE 3 (Winter 1986): 207-224.

331 Mitchinson, Wendy. THE NATURE OF THEIR BODIES: WOMEN AND THEIR DOCTORS IN VICTORIAN CANADA. Toronto; Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto Press, 1991.

332 Morantz, Regina Markell. “The Lady and Her Physician.” In CLIO’S CONSCIOUSNESS RAISED: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE HISTORY OF WOMEN, ed. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner, pp.38-53. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. Expanded version of “The Perils of Feminist History,” orig. published in JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY HISTORY and repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.239-245. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. An answer to Ann Wood’s article, “The Fashionable Diseases,” cited below.

333 Mort, Frank. DANGEROUS SEXUALITIES: MEDICO-MORAL POLITICS IN ENGLAND SINCE 1830. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987.

334 Moscucci, Ornella. “Hermaphroditism and Sex Difference: The Construction of Gender in Victorian England.” SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945, ed. by Marina Benjamin, pp.174-199. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

335 Moscucci, Ornella. THE SCIENCE OF WOMAN: GYNAECOLOGY AND GENDER IN ENGLAND, 1800-1929. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Embraces women in science, the scientific construction of gender, and the interplay of race, class, and culture with the concept of nature itself.

336 Mosedale, Susan Sleeth. “Science Corrupted: Victorian Biologists Consider `The Woman Question’.” JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 11, no.1 (Spring 1978): 1-55. Demonstrated how eminent biologists “provided rationales and prescriptions based outside science for maintaining the female status quo.” Treats Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, George J. Romanes, Edward Drinker Cope, Patrick Geddes, J. Arthur Thomson, and Jean Finet.

337 Newman, Louise Michele, ed. MEN’S IDEAS/WOMEN’S REALITIES: POPULAR SCIENCE, 1870-1915. New York: Pergamon, 1984. Reprints articles and editorials from the magazine POPULAR SCIENCE on women’s nature, education, and capacity for employment.

338 Niccoli, Ottavia. “`Menstruum Quasi Monstruum’: Monstrous Births and Menstrual Taboo in the 16th Century.” In SEX AND GENDER IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, ed. Edward Muir & Guido Ruggiero, pp.1-25. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

339 O’Brien, Patricia. “The Kleptomania Diagnosis: Bourgeois Women and Theft in Late Nineteenth-Century France.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 17 (Fall 1983): 65-77.

340 Oppenheim, Janet. “SHATTERED NERVES”: DOCTORS, PATIENTS, AND DEPRESSION IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

341 Outram, Dorinda. “Before Objectivity: Wives, Patronage, and Cultural Reproduction in Early Nineteenth-Century French Science.” In UNEASY CAREERS AND INTIMATE LIVES: WOMEN IN SCIENCE, 1789-1979, ed. Pnina G. Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, pp.19-30. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987.

342 Outram, Dorinda. “Fat, Gorillas, and Misogyny: Women’s History in Science.” THE BRITISH JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE 24, no.82 (September 1991): 361-368.

343 Perry, Ruth. “Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth-Century England.” In FORBIDDEN HISTORY: THE STATE, SOCIETY, AND THE REGULATION OF SEXUALITY IN MODERN EUROPE, ed. John C. Fout, pp.107-138. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

344 Person, Ethel Spector. “Sexuality as the Mainstay of Identity: Psychoanalytic Perspectives.” SIGNS 5 (1980): 605-630.

345 Peterson, M. Jeanne. “Dr. Acton’s Enemy: Medicine, Sex, and Society in Victorian England.” VICTORIAN STUDIES 29 (Summer 1986): 569-590.

346 Pickering, George White. CREATIVE MALADY: ILLNESS IN THE LIVES AND MINDS OF CHARLES DARWIN, FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, MARY BAKER EDDY, SIGMUND FREUD, MARCEL PROUST, ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

347 Pierce, Jennifer L. “The Relationship Between Emotion, Work, and Hysteria: A Feminist Reinterpretation of Freud’s STUDIES IN HYSTERIA.” WOMEN’S STUDIES 16, no.3/4 (1989): 255-270.

348 Pittenger, Mark. “Evolution, `Woman’s Nature’, and American Feminist Socialism, 1900-1915.” RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW 36 (1986): 47-61.

349 Poovey, Mary. “Speaking of the Body: Mid-Victorian Constructions of Female Desire.” In BODY/POLITICS: WOMEN AND THE DISCOURSES OF SCIENCE, ed. by Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth, pp.29-46. New York: Routledge, 1990.

350 Porter, Roy. “Women as Subjects and Objects of Scientific and Scholarly Work.” MINERVA 30 (1992): 117-120. Review essay on recent books.

351 Reed, Evelyn. SEXISM AND SCIENCE. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1978. Collection of articles on evolution, anthropology, sociobiology, and primatology.

352 Richards, Evelleen. “Huxley and Woman’s Place in Science: The `Woman Question’ and the Control of Victorian Anthropology.” In HISTORY, HUMANITY AND EVOLUTION, ed. by J.R. Moore, pp.253-284. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

353 Ripa, Yannick. WOMEN AND MADNESS: THE INCARCERATION OF WOMEN IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1991. Translated by Catherine du Peloux Menage.

354 Risse, Guenter B. “Hysteria at the Edinburgh Infirmary: The Construction and Treatment of a Disease, 1770-1800.” MEDICAL HISTORY 32, no.1 (1988): 1-22.

355 Robinson, Paul. THE MODERNIZATION OF SEX: HAVELOCK ELLIS, ALFRED KINSEY, WILLIAM MASTERS, AND VIRGINIA JOHNSON. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.

356 Rosenbeck, Bente. “The Boundaries of Femininity: The Danish Experience, 1880-1980.” SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY 12, no.1 (1987): 47-62. Argues that gynecology replaced the Church as authority on sexuality.

357 Rusbridger, Alan. A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE SEX MANUAL, 1886-1986. London: Faber, 1986.

358 Ruse, Michael. IS SCIENCE SEXIST? AND OTHER PROBLEMS IN THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1981. Philosophical treatment of evolutionary theory, genetics, and sociobiology. Defends sociobiology against charges of sexism.

359 Russett, Cynthia Eagle. SEXUAL SCIENCE: THE VICTORIAN CONSTRUCTION OF WOMANHOOD. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989. Catalogs the many ways male Victorian scientists found to denigrate female anatomy, physiology, birthing, and nurturing.

360 Sahli, Nancy Ann. “Sexuality and Woman’s Sexual Nature.” In WOMEN, HEALTH, AND MEDICINE IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL HANDBOOK, ed. by Rima D. Apple, pp.81-99. New York: Garland, 1990.

361 Sahli, Nancy Ann. “Sexuality in 19th and 20th Century America: The Sources and Their Problems.” RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW 20 (1979): 89-96.

362 Sahli, Nancy Ann. WOMEN AND SEXUALITY IN AMERICA: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1984. Cites medical and scientific writings, as well as prescriptive literature, often with detailed annotations.

363 Salisbury, Joyce E. MEDIEVAL SEXUALITY: A RESEARCH GUIDE. New York: Garland, 1990.

364 Sayers, Janet. BIOLOGICAL POLITICS: FEMINIST AND ANTI-FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES. New York: Methuen, 1982. Examines the historical and social roots of biological explanations for sexual inequality, and posits a feminist middle ground between biological essentialism and social constructionism.

365 Schiebinger, Londa. “The Anatomy of Difference: Race and Gender in Eighteenth-Century Science.” EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES 23 (1990): 387-406.

366 Schiebinger, Londa L. “The Private Life of Plants: Sexual Politics in Carl Linnaeus and Erasmus Darwin.” In SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945, ed. by Marina Benjamin, pp.121-143. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

367 Schiebinger, Londa L. “Skeletons in the Closet: The First Illustrations of the Female Skeleton in Eighteenth-Century Anatomy.” REPRESENTATIONS 14 (1986): 42-82. Also repr. in THE MAKING OF THE MODERN BODY: SEXUALITY AND SOCIETY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, ed. Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987.

368 Schiebinger, Londa L. “Why Mammals Are Called Mammals: Gender Politics in Eighteenth-Century Natural History.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 98, no.2 (April 1993): 382-411. Excerpt from the author’s NATURE’S BODY: GENDER IN THE MAKING OF MODERN SCIENCE (1993).

369 Scott, Clifford H. “A Naturalistic Rationale for Women’s Reform: Lester Frank Ward on the Evolution of Sexual Relations.” HISTORIAN 33, no.1 (1970): 54-67.

370 Scull, Andrew T., and Favreau, Diane. “`A Chance to Cut is a Chance to Cure’: Sexual Surgery for Psychosis in Three Nineteenth Century Societies.” RESEARCH IN LAW, DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL 8 (1986): 3-39.

371 “Sexual Reproduction and the Central Project of Evolutionary Theory.” BIOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY 2 (1987): 383-396.

372 Shafter, R. “Women and Madness: A Social Historical Perspective.” ISSUES IN EGO PSYCHOLOGY 12 (1989): 72-82.

373 Shapiro, Ann-Louise. “Disordered Bodies/Disorderly Acts: Medical Discourse and the Female Criminal in Nineteenth-Century Paris.” GENDERS no.4 (Spring 1989): 68-86. Examines the diagnosis of “monomania,” its relation to the menstrual cycle, and its use as an explanation for criminal behavior.

374 Shields, Stephanie A. “The Variability Hypothesis: The History of a Biological Model of Sex Differences in Intelligence.” SIGNS 7, no.4 (Summer 1982): 769-797. The history of the theory that men have a biologically-based wider range of intellectual abilities than women. Repr. in SEX AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, pp.187-215. Ed. by Sandra Harding and Jean F. O’Barr. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1987.

375 Shorter, Edward. “The Rise and Fall of a `Hysterical’ Symptom.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 19 (Summer 1986): 549-582.

376 Shorter, Edward. “Women and Jews in a Private Nervous Clinic in Late Nineteenth Century Vienna.” MEDICAL HISTORY 33 (1989): 149-183.

377 Shorter, Edward. WOMEN’S BODIES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF WOMEN’S ENCOUNTER WITH HEALTH, ILL-HEALTH, AND MEDICINE. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991. Repr., originally published as A HISTORY OF WOMEN’S BODIES. New York: Basic Books, 1982.

378 Showalter, Elaine. THE FEMALE MALADY: WOMEN, MADNESS, AND ENGLISH CULTURE, 1830-1980. New York: Pantheon, 1986.

379 Showalter, Elaine. “Victorian Women and Insanity.” VICTORIAN STUDIES 23 (Winter 1980): 157-182.

380 Shuttleworth, Sally. “Female Circulation: Medical Discourse and Popular Advertising in the Mid-Victorian Era.” In BODY/POLITICS: WOMEN AND THE DISCOURSES OF SCIENCE, ed. by Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth, pp.47-68. New York: Routledge, 1990.

381 Sicherman, Barbara. “The Uses of a Diagnosis: Doctors, Patients, and Neurasthenia.” JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES 32 (1977): 33-54.

382 Sissa, Giulia. “Subtle Bodies.” FRAGMENTS FOR A HISTORY OF THE HUMAN BODY, VOL. 3, ed. M. Feher et al., pp.133-156. New York: Zone, 1989. History of the concept of the hymen.

383 Smart, Carol. “Disruptive Bodies and Unruly Sex: The Regulation of Reproduction and Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century.” In REGULATING WOMANHOOD: HISTORICAL ESSAYS ON MARRIAGE, MOTHERHOOD AND SEXUALITY, ed. by Carol Smart, pp.7-32. New York: Routledge, 1992.

384 Smith, John H. “Abulia: Sexuality and Diseases of the Will in the Late Nineteenth Century.” GENDERS no.6 (November 1989): 102-124.

385 Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, and Rosenberg, Charles E. “The Female Animal: Medical and Biological Views of Woman and Her Role in Nineteenth- Century America.” JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY 60, no.2 (September 1973): 332-356. Cites a wealth of primary sources. Repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.12-27. Ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

386 Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. “The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America.” SOCIAL RESEARCH 39, no.4 (Winter 1972): 652-678. Repr. in DISORDERLY CONDUCT: VISIONS OF GENDER IN VICTORIAN AMERICA, pp. 197-216. By Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

387 Spiegel, Allen D. “Temporary Insanity and Premenstrual Syndrome: Medical Testimony in an 1865 Murder Trial.” NEW YORK STATE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 88 (1988): 482-492.

388 Spiegel, Allen D., and Spiegel, Andrea M. “Was It Murder or Insanity? Reactions to a Successful Paroxysmal Insanity Plea in 1865.” WOMEN & HEALTH 18, no.2 (1992): 69-86.

389 Steen, M. “Historical Perspectives on Women and Mental Illness and Prevention of Depression in Women, Using a Feminist Framework.” ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING 12, no.4 (October-December 1991): 359-374.

390 Stepan, Nancy Leys. “Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science.” ISIS 77, no.287 (1986): 261-277.

391 Stephens, Jane. “Breezes of Discontent: A Historical Perspective of Anxiety Based Illnesses Among Women.” JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CULTURE 8 (Winter 1985): 11-16.

392 Stevens, Patricia E., and Hall, Joanne M. “A Critical Historical Analysis of the Medical Construction of Lesbianism.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICE 21 (1991): 291-307.

393 Theriot, Nancy M. “Diagnosing Unnatural Motherhood: Nineteenth- Century Physicians and Puerperal Insanity.” AMERICAN STUDIES 30 (Fall 1989): 69-88.

394 Theriot, Nancy M. “Psychosomatic Illness in History: The `Green Sickness’ Among Nineteenth-Century Adolescent Girls.” JOURNAL OF PSYCHOHISTORY 15 (Spring 1988): 461-480.

395 Thomas, Samuel J. “Nostrum Advertising and the Image of Woman as Invalid in Late Victorian America.” JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CULTURE 5, no.3 (Fall 1982): 104-12.

396 Todd, Alexandra Dundas. INTIMATE ADVERSARIES: CULTURAL CONFLICT BETWEEN DOCTORS AND WOMEN PATIENTS. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.

397 Tomaselli, Sylvana. “Collecting Women: The Female in Scientific Biography.” SCIENCE AS CULTURE 4 (1988): 95-106.

398 Tomaselli, Sylvana. “Reflections on the History of the Science of Woman.” HISTORY OF SCIENCE 29, part 2, no.84 (June 1, 1991): 185-205. Historical look at how women have been perceived from the late Middle Ages through modern times by “Great Men.”

399 Tomes, Nancy. “Devils in the Heart: A Nineteenth-Century Perspective on Women and Depression.” TRANSACTIONS & STUDIES OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA Series 5, 13 (1991): 363-386.

400 Tomes, Nancy. “Historical Perspectives on Women and Mental Illness.” In WOMEN, HEALTH, AND MEDICINE IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL HANDBOOK, ed. by Rima D. Apple, pp.143-171. New York: Garland, 1990.

401 Treckel, Paula A. “Breastfeeding and Maternal Sexuality in Colonial America.” JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY HISTORY 29 (1989): 25-52.

402 Trecker, Janice Law. “Sex, Science, and Education.” AMERICAN QUARTERLY 26, no.4 (October 1974): 352-366. Examines 19th-century scientific and medical opposition to higher education for women.

403 Tuana, Nancy. THE LESS NOBLE SEX: SCIENTIFIC, RELIGIOUS, AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTIONS OF WOMAN’S NATURE. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. “Examines the persistence of the Western view of woman as inferior” — publisher.

404 Ussher, Jane M. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE FEMALE BODY. New York: Routledge, 1989. Includes chapters on nineteenth and twentieth century madness.

405 Ussher, Jane M. WOMEN’S MADNESS: MISOGYNY OR MENTAL ILLNESS? Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992.

406 Valdiserri, Ronald O. “Menstruation and Medical Theory: An Historical Overview.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION 38, no.3 (1983): 66-70.

407 Van Deth, Ron, and Vandereycken, Walter. “Was Nervous Consumption a Precursor of Anorexia Nervosa?” JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES 46 (January 1991): 3-19.

408 Veith, Ilza. HYSTERIA: THE HISTORY OF DISEASE. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.

409 Walsh, Mary Roth. “The Quirls of a Woman’s Brain.” BIOLOGICAL WOMAN – THE CONVENIENT MYTH, ed. by Ruth Hubbard, Mary Sue Henifin, and Barbara Fried, pp.241-263. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1982.

410 Warren, Carol A.B. MADWIVES: SCHIZOPHRENIC WOMEN IN THE 1950s. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987.

411 Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick. “The First Mrs. Rochester: Wrongful Confinement, Social Redundancy, and Commitment to the Private Asylum.” HISTORICAL PAPERS/COMMUNICATIONS HISTORIQUE (1988): 145-167.

412 Wattley, L.A. “Male Physicians and Female Health and Sexuality in 19th Century English and American Society.” JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING 8, no.5 (September 1983): 423-428.

413 Weeks, Jeffrey. SEX, POLITICS, AND SOCIETY: THE REGULATION OF SEXUALITY SINCE 1800. New York: Longman, 1983. Sex in Victorian society; scientific and reforming concepts; sexuality, consciousness, social policy.

414 Weinberg, Martin S., Swensson, Rochelle Ganz, and Hammersmith, Sue Kiefer. “Sexual Autonomy and the Status of Women: Models of Female Sexuality in U.S. Sex Manuals fron 1950 to 1980.” SOCIAL PROBLEMS 30 (1983): 312-324.

415 Wilson, Lindsay. WOMEN AND MEDICINE IN THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT: THE DEBATE OVER MALADIES DES FEMMES. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

416 Wilson, Philip K. “`Out of Sight, Out of Mind?’: The Daniel Turner- James Blondel Dispute Over the Power of the Maternal Imagination.” ANNALS OF SCIENCE 49 (1992): 63-85.

417 Wood, Ann Douglas. “The Fashionable Diseases: Women’s Complaints and Their Treatment in Nineteenth-Century America.” JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY HISTORY 4, no.1 (Summer 1973): 25-52. See Regina Markell Morantz, “The Lady and Her Physician,” cited above, for a response to Wood’s article. Repr. in CLIO’S CONSCIOUSNESS RAISED: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE HISTORY OF WOMEN, pp.1-22. Ed. by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. Also repr. in WOMEN AND HEALTH IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL READINGS, pp.222-238. Ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

418 Wood, Charles T. “The Doctor’s Dilemma: Sin, Salvation, and the Menstrual Cycle in Medieval Thought.” SPECULUM 56 (1981): 710-727.

419 Zschoche, Sue. “Dr. Clarke Revisited: Science, True Womanhood, and Female Collegiate Education.” HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY 29 (Winter 1989): 545-569.

This section includes contemporary works critical of science and the attitude of science towards women now and in the past. For additional references, see the previous section, SCIENTIFIC VIEWS OF WOMEN.

420 Arditti, Rita, Brennan, Pat, and Cavrak, Steve, eds. SCIENCE AND LIBERATION. Boston: South End Press, 1980. See especially “Sociobiology, a Pseudo-Scientific Synthesis” by Barbara Chasin, “Sterilization Abuse” by Helen Rodriguez-Trias, “`Ladies’ in the Lab” by Angela Corigliano Murphy, “Women in Chemistry” by Ana Berta Chepelinsky et al., “Declaration: Equality for Women in Science” by the Women’s Group of Science for the People, and “Feminism and Science” by Rita Arditti. Includes annotated bibliography.

421 Behuniak-Long, Susan. “Radical Conceptions: Reproductive Technologies and Feminist Theories.” WOMEN & POLITICS 10, no.3 (1990): 39-64.

422 Benjamin, Marina, ed. SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

423 Birke, Lynda. “`Life’ as We Have Known It: Feminism and the Biology of Gender.” In SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945, ed. by Marina Benjamin, pp.243-263. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

424 Birke, Lynda. WOMEN, FEMINISM AND BIOLOGY: THE FEMINIST CHALLENGE. New York: Methuen, 1986. Discusses biological determinist arguments, especially in the areas of human development and the relationship of humankind to nature, and explores the possibility of a “feminist science.”

425 Bleier, Ruth. “A Decade of Feminist Critiques in the Natural Sciences: An Address.” SIGNS 14 (1988): 182-195.

426 Bleier, Ruth. “Science and Belief: A Polemic on Sex Differences Research.” THE IMPACT OF FEMINIST RESEARCH IN THE ACADEMY, ed. Christie Farnham, pp.111-130. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

427 Bleier, Ruth. SCIENCE AND GENDER: A CRITICISM OF BIOLOGY AND ITS THEORIES ON WOMEN. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon, 1984. A critical look at theories of biological determinism, especially Wilsonian sociobiology.

428 Bleier, Ruth, ed. FEMINIST APPROACHES TO SCIENCE. New York: Pergamon, 1986. Contents: “Science Seen Through a Feminist Prism” by Marion Namenwirth; “Critiques of Modern Science: The Relationship of Feminism to Other Radical Epistemologies” by Elizabeth Fee; “Beyond Masculinist Realities: A Feminist Epistemology for the Sciences” by Hilary Rose; “Primatology is Politics by Other Means” by Donna Haraway; “Empathy, Polyandry, and the Myth of the Coy Female” by Sarah Blaffer Hrdy; “Sex Differences Research: Science or Belief?” by Ruth Bleier; “The Relationship Between Women’s Studies and Women in Science” by Sue V. Rosser; “Taking Feminist Science to the Classroom” by Mariamne Whatley; bibliography.

429 Brighton Women and Science Group. ALICE THROUGH THE MICROSCOPE: THE POWER OF SCIENCE OVER WOMEN’S LIVES. London: Virago, 1980. Three articles on “Science and Women in Society,” four on “Science and Women’s Bodies,” and three on “Technological Control.”

430 Chesler, Phyllis. WOMEN AND MADNESS. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972.

431 Easlea, Brian. FATHERING THE UNTHINKABLE: MASCULINITY, SCIENTISTS AND THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE. London: Pluto Press, 1983. A socio-historical reading of scientific practice that looks closely at male/female imagery in the language of prominent scientists. Focuses on nuclear weapons technology.

432 Easlea, Brian. SCIENCE AND SEXUAL OPPRESSION: PATRIARCHY’S CONFRONTATION WITH WOMAN AND NATURE. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981. A wide-ranging critique of the male culture of modern Western science, from the sixteenth century to the present.

433 Ehrenreich, Barbara, and English, Deirdre. COMPLAINTS AND DISORDERS: THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF SICKNESS. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1973.

434 Fausto-Sterling, Anne. MYTHS OF GENDER: BIOLOGICAL THEORIES ABOUT WOMEN AND MEN. New York: Basic Books, 1986. Chapters are devoted to intelligence, genetics, hormones, and evolution. Copious footnotes.

435 “Feminism as an Analytic Tool for the Study of Science.” ACADEME (September-October 1983): 15-21.

436 Findlen, Paula. “Gender and the Scientific `Civilizing Process’.” JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 24 (1991): 331-338. Review essay.

437 Gilligan, Carol. IN A DIFFERENT VOICE: PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY AND WOMEN’S DEVELOPMENT. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.

438 Gordon, Linda. “Who is Frightened of Reproductive Freedom for Women and Why? Some Historical Answers.” FRONTIERS: A JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S STUDIES 9, no.1 (1986): 23-26.

439 Haraway, Donna. PRIMATE VISIONS: GENDER, RACE, AND NATURE IN THE WORLD OF MODERN SCIENCE. New York: Routledge, 1989.

440 Haraway, Donna. SIMIANS, CYBORGS, AND WOMEN: THE REINVENTION OF NATURE. New York: Routledge, 1991. Essays on the link between these “creatures” in the construction of scientific reality.

441 Harding, Jan, ed. PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND SCIENCE. London: Falmer Press, 1986. Papers from a 1985 British conference. Five grouped under “Gender Matters” are theoretical.

442 Harding, Sandra, and Hintikka, Merrill B., eds. DISCOVERING REALITY: FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON EPISTEMOLOGY, METAPHYSICS, METHODOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1983. Sixteen papers, among them Lynda Lange’s “Woman Is Not a Rational Animal: On Aristotle’s Biology of Reproduction”; Ruth Hubbard’s “Have Only Men Evolved?”; Kathryn Pyne Addelson’s “The Man of Professional Wisdom”; Evelyn Fox Keller’s “Gender and Science”; and Keller and Christine R. Grontkowski’s “The Mind’s Eye.”

443 Harding, Sandra. “Feminism and Theories of Scientific Knowledge.” WOMEN: A CULTURAL REVIEW 1, no.1 (April 1990): 87-98.

444 Harding, Sandra. THE SCIENCE QUESTION IN FEMINISM. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986. Investigates feminist critiques of science and feminist theories of knowledge. See especially chapter 1, “From the Woman Question in Science to the Science Question in Feminism”; chapter 8, “`The Birth of Modern Science’ as a Text: Internalist and Externalist Stories”; and chapter 9, “Problems with Post-Kuhnian Stories.”

445 Harding, Sandra, and O’Barr, Jean, eds. SEX AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. A selection of fifteen articles from SIGNS, grouped in categories: “The Social Structure of Science,” “Misuses and Abuses of Science and Technology,” “Bias in the Sciences,” “Sexual Meanings of Science,” and “Epistemology and Metatheory.”

446 Harding, Sandra. WHOSE SCIENCE? WHOSE KNOWLEDGE? Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

447 Harding, Sandra. “Women as Creators of Knowledge: New Environments.” AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST 32, no.6 (July/August 1989): 700-707. Discusses the history of women in science and contemporary issues.

448 Harlow, Sioban D. “Function and Dysfunction: A Historical Critique of the Literature on Menstruation and Work.” In CULTURE, SOCIETY AND MENSTRUATION, ed. Virginia Oleson and Nancy Fugate Wood, pp.39-50. Washington: Hemisphere, 1986.

449 Herschberger, Ruth. ADAM’S RIB. New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1948. An early feminist classic exposing the bias of “male” biology. Repr. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.

450 Horning, Beth. “The Controversial Career of Evelyn Fox Keller.” TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 96 (January 1993): 58-68.

451 Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. “Sex Bias in Nature and in History: A Late 1980s Reexaminiation of the `Biological Origins’ Argument.” AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY supp.11 (1990): 25-37.

452 Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. THE WOMAN THAT NEVER EVOLVED. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. Reviews evidence from primatology on such topics as sex differences in body size; monogamy and polygyny; female dominance, competition, and bonding; and the origins of female sexuality.

453 Hubbard, Ruth, Henifin, Mary Sue, and Fried, Barbara, eds. BIOLOGICAL WOMAN — THE CONVENIENT MYTH. Cambridge: Schenkman, 1982. Rev. ed. of WOMEN LOOK AT BIOLOGY LOOKING AT WOMEN, 1979. Twelve articles plus extensive bibliography.

454 Hubbard, Ruth. “The Emperor Doesn’t Wear Any Clothes: The Impact of Feminism on Biology.” In MEN’S STUDIES MODIFIED, ed. Dale Spender, pp.213-235. New York: Pergamon, 1981. Reviews feminist arguments against traditional theory and method in biology, adding lengthier critiques of Darwinism and sociobiology.

455 Hubbard, Ruth, and Wald, Elijah. EXPLODING THE GENE MYTH. Boston: Beacon, 1993.

456 Hubbard, Ruth. “Have Only Men Evolved?” New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990. THE POLITICS OF WOMEN’S BIOLOGY, by Ruth Hubbard, pp.87-106.

457 Hubbard, Ruth. THE POLITICS OF WOMEN’S BIOLOGY. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990.

458 Hudson, Gill. “Unfathering the Thinkable: Gender, Science and Pacifism in the 1930s.” In SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY: GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, 1780-1945, ed. by Marina Benjamin, pp.264-286. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

459 Hunter, Dianne. “Hysteria, Psychoanlaysis, and Feminism: The Case of Anna O.” FEMINIST STUDIES 9, no.3 (1983): 464-488.

460 Jacobus, Mary, Keller, Evelyn Fox, and Shuttleworth, Sally, eds. BODY/POLITICS: WOMEN AND THE DISCOURSES OF SCIENCE. New York: Routledge, 1990.

461 Jordanova, Ludmilla J. SEXUAL VISIONS: IMAGES OF GENDER IN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE BETWEEN THE EIGHTEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.

462 Keller, Evelyn Fox. “Feminism and Science.” SIGNS 7, no.3 (Spring 1982): 589-602. Describes the range of feminist positions on science and their liberating potential, with particular attention to psychoanalytic theory. Repr. in FEMINIST THEORY: A CRITIQUE OF IDEOLOGY, pp.113-126. Ed. by Nannerl O. Keohane, Michelle Z. Rosaldo, and Barbara C. Gelpi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. Also reprinted in SEX AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY, pp.233-246. Ed. by Sandra Harding and Jean F. O’Barr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

463 Keller, Evelyn Fox. “Feminist Critique of Science: A Forward or Backward Move?” FUNDAMENTA SCIENTIAE 1, no. 3/4 (1980): 341-349. Clarifies both the radical and the reactionary elements in the feminist critique of science.

464 Keller, Evelyn Fox. REFLECTIONS ON SCIENCE AND GENDER. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985. See also excerpt, “Women and Basic Research: Respecting the Unexpected,” in TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 87, no.8 (November/December 1984): 44-47.

465 Keller, Evelyn Fox. “Science and Gender: 1990.” GREAT IDEAS TODAY (1990): 68-93.

466 Keller, Evelyn Fox. “Science and Power for What?” In NINETEEN EIGHTY- FOUR: SCIENCE BETWEEN UTOPIA AND DYSTOPIA, ed. Everett Mendelsohn and Helga Nowotny, pp.261-272. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1984. Analysis of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s utopian novel HERLAND, originally published in 1915.

467 Keller, Evelyn Fox. SECRETS OF LIFE, SECRETS OF DEATH: ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND CULTURE. New York: Routledge, 1992.

468 Kirkup, Gill, and Keller, Laurie Smith, eds. INVENTING WOMEN: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND GENDER. Cambridge, England: Polity Press/Open University, 1992. Articles by Margaret Lowe Benston, Evelyn Fox Keller, Sandra Harding, and others assessing gender issues in science and technology. Chiefly contemporary.

469 Kramarae, Cheris, and Spender, Dale, eds. THE KNOWLEDGE EXPLOSION: GENERATIONS OF FEMINIST SCHOLARSHIP. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992. Chapters reviewing the history of the impact of feminism on the disciplines include: “Feminism and Medicine: Co-optation or Cooperation?” by Joan M. Altekruse and Sue V. Rosser; “Physics and Mathematics, Reality and Language: Dilemmas for Feminists,” by Robyn Arianrhod; “Feminism and Engineering: The Inroads,” by H. Patricia Hynes; “The Impact of Feminism on the Natural Sciences,” by Marian Lowe; “Nursing and Feminism: Caring and Curing,” by Joan E. Mulligan; “Home Economics: Feminism in a Hestian Voice,” by Patricia J. Thompson; and “Do Mothers Invent? The Feminist Debate in the History of Technology,” by Autumn Stanley.

470 Leavitt, Judith Walzer. “A Decade of Feminist Critiques in Natural Sciences: An Address by Ruth Bleier.” SIGNS 14, no.1 (Autumn, 1988): 182-195

471 Lomperis, Linda, and Stanbury, Sarah, eds. FEMINIST APPROACHES TO THE BODY IN MEDIEVAL LITERATURE. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.

472 Lowe, Marian, and Hubbard, Ruth, eds. WOMAN’S NATURE: RATIONALIZATION OF INEQUALITY. New York: Pergamon, 1983. Articles by five scientists and four social scientists. Theoretical, not historical.

473 Lowie, Robert H., and Hollingworth, Leta Stetter. “Science and Feminism.” SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY 2 (September 1916): 277-284. Reviews comparative biological and psychological data on women and men to debunk “scientific” arguments for limiting women’s activities.

474 Magner, Lois. “Women and the Scientific Idiom: Textual Episodes from Wollstonecraft, Fuller, Gilman, and Firestone.” SIGNS 4, no.1 (Autumn 1978): 61-80. Demonstrates how feminist theorists incorporated the scientific paradigms of their times into their writings.

475 Martin, Emily. “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles.” SIGNS 16 (1991): 485-501.

476 McGaw, Judith A. “No Passive Victims, No Separate Spheres: A Feminist Perspective on Technology’s History.” In IN CONTEXT, ed. by S.H. Cutcliffe and R.C. Post, pp.172-91. Cranbury, NJ: Lehigh University Press; Associated University Presses, 1989.

477 Merchant, Carolyn. “Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England.” Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

478 Morantz-Sanchez, Regina. “Feminist Theory and Historical Practice: Rereading Elizabeth Blackwell.” HISTORY AND THEORY 31, no.4 (1992): 51-69.

479 Olson, Richard. “Historical Reflections on Feminist Critiques of Science: The Scientific Background to Modern Feminism.” HISTORY OF SCIENCE 28, pt.2, no.80 (June 1990): 125-148.

480 Poovey, Mary. UNEVEN DEVELOPMENTS: THE IDEOLOGICAL WORK OF GENDER IN MID-VICTORIAN ENGLAND. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Feminist criticism of the Victorian view of difference as sexual differences.

481 Rose, Hilary. “Gendered Reflexions on the Laboratory in Medicine.” In THE LABORATORY REVOLUTION IN MEDICINE, ed. Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, pp.304-323. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

482 Rosenberg, Rosalind. “In Search of Woman’s Nature, 1850-1920.” FEMINIST STUDIES 3, no.1/2 (Fall 1975): 141-153. How feminists such as Antoinette Brown, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Helen Thompson used Darwinism to justify their expanded spheres of activity.

483 Rosser, Sue V. FEMINISM WITHIN THE SCIENCE AND HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONS: OVERCOMING RESISTANCE. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon, 1988.

484 Rothman, Barbara Katz. IN LABOR: WOMEN AND POWER IN THE BIRTHPLACE. New York: Norton, 1982. 1984 Penguin ed. published as GIVING BIRTH: ALTERNATIVES IN CHILDBIRTH

485 Sapiro, Virginia, ed. WOMEN, BIOLOGY, AND PUBLIC POLICY. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985. Articles on sociobiology, women’s health, and government policy.

486 Sayers, Janet. BIOLOGICAL POLITICS: FEMINIST AND ANTI-FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES. New York: Methuen, 1982. Examines the historical and social roots of biological explanations for sexual inequality, and posits a feminist middle ground between biological essentialism and social constructionism.

487 Schiebinger, Londa L. “Feminine Icons: the Face of Early Modern Science.” CRITICAL INQUIRY 14 (Summer 1988): 661-691.

488 Schiebinger, Londa L. THE MIND HAS NO SEX?: WOMEN IN THE ORIGINS OF MODERN SCIENCE. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989. Covers both the history of women’s contributions to the development of early modern science and the interrelationship between their subsequent exclusion from science and the growth of new “scientific” doctrines of gender differences.

489 Schiebinger, Londa L. NATURE’S BODY: GENDER IN THE MAKING OF MODERN SCIENCE. Boston, MA: Beacon, 1993.

490 Searing, Susan. “Women and Science: Issues and Resources.” Madison, WI: Women’s Studies Librarian’s Office, 1991. Wisconsin Bibliographies in Women’s Studies Series. Updates frequently. 1992 and 1993 updates by Phyllis Holman Weisbard.

491 Shepherd, Linda J. LIFTING THE VEIL: THE FEMININE FACE OF SCIENCE. Boston: Shambhala, 1993.

492 SIGNS 4, no.1 (Autumn 1978); Special Issue: “Women, Science, and Society.” Partial contents: “Women and Evolution, Part II: Subsistence and Social Organization Among Early Hominids,” by Adrienne L. Zihlman; “Animal Sociology and a Natural Economy of the Body Politic,” Parts I and II, by Donna Haraway; “Women in the Scientific Idiom: Textual Episodes from Wollstonecraft, Fuller, Gilman, and Firestone,” by Lois N. Magner; “In from the Periphery: American Women in Science, 1830-1880,” by Sally Gregory Kohlstedt; “Biology and Equality: A Perspective on Sex Differences,” by Helen H. Lambert; “Biology and Sex Differences,” by Marian Lowe; “Sexual Segregation in the Sciences: Some Data and a Model,” by Margaret W. Rossiter; “Phenomenon of the Seventies: The Women’s Caucuses,” by Anne M. Briscoe; “Bias in Biological and Human Sciences: Some Comments,” by Ruth Bleier; plus review essays on science by Michele L. Aldrich and on medicine by Dorothy Rosenthal Mandelbaum.

493 Stark, Susanne. “Overcoming Butlerian Obstacles: May Sinclair and the Problem of Biolgical Determinism.” WOMEN’S STUDIES 21, no.3 (1992): 265-83.

494 Steen, M. “Historical Perspectives on Women and Mental Illness and Prevention of Depression in Women, Using a Feminist Framework.” ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING 12, no.4 (October-December 1991): 359-374.

495 Stehelin, Liliane. “Sciences, Women, and Ideology.” In THE RADICALISATION OF SCIENCE: IDEOLOGY OF/IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES, ed. Hilary Rose and Steven Rose, pp.76-89. London: Macmillan, 1976. Argues that the “production code” of science is “fundamentally masculine.” Draws on French psychoanalytic and Marxist theory.

496 Stepan, Nancy Leys. “Women and Natural Knowledge: The Role of Gender in the Making of Modern Science.” GENDER & HISTORY 2, no.3 (1990): 337-342. Review essay on recent books by Schiebinger, Russet, and Jordanova.

497 Tuana, Nancy. “The Weaker Seed: The Sexist Bias of Reproductive Theory.” HYPATIA 3, no.1 (Spring 1988): 35-59. Examines the history of reproductive theory from Aristotle to the seventeenth century. Argues that the adherence to a belief in the inferiority of the female creative principle biased scientific perception of the nature of woman’s role in human generation.

498 Tuana, Nancy, ed. FEMINISM AND SCIENCE. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. Originally published as special issues of HYPATIA: A JOURNAL OF FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY 2, no.3 (Fall 1987) and 3, no.1 (Spring 1988). CONTENTS I: Sue V. Rosser, “Feminist Scholarship in the Sciences: Where Are We Now and When Can We Expect a Theoretical Breakthrough?” ; Sandra Harding, “The Method Question” ; Evelyn Fox Keller, “The Gender/Science System; or Is Sex to Gender as Nature is to Science?” ; Helen E. Longino, “Can There Be a Feminist Science?” ; Luce Irigaray, “Is the Subject of Science Sexed?” ; Ruth Ginzburg, “Uncovering Gynocentric Science” ; Linda Alcoff, “Justifying Feminist Social Science” ; Lisa Heldke, “John Dewey and Evelyn Fox Keller: A Shared Epistemological Tradition.” CONTENTS II: Ruth Hubbard, “Science, Facts, and Feminism;” Elizabeth Potter, “Modeling the Gender Politics in Science;” Nancy Tuana, “The Weaker Seed: The Sexist Bias of Reproductive Theory;” Biology and Gender Study Group, “The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary Cell Biology;” Jacquelyn N. Zita, “The Premenstrual Syndrome: Dis-Easing the Female Cycle;” Judith Genova, “Women and the Mismeasure of Thought;” Hilary Rose, “Dreaming the Future;” Barbara Imber and Nancy Tuana, “Feminist Perspectives on Science;” Jacquelyn N. Zita, “Review Essay/A Critical Analysis of Sandra Harding’s THE SCIENCE QUESTION IN FEMINISM.”

499 Wajcman, Judy. “Feminism Confronts Technology.” University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.

500 Walsh, Mary Roth. “The Rediscovery of the Need for a Feminist Medical Education.” HARVARD EDUCATION REVIEW 49 (1979): 447-466.

501 “Women Look at Science: Man the Hunter; Why Science is a Woman; Discovery Naked Truth.” WOMEN: A CULTURAL REVIEW 1, no.1 (April 1990): 99-104. Excerpts from three books.

502 Wylie, A., et al. “Philosophical Feminism: A Bibliographic Guide to Critiques of Science.” RESOURCES FOR FEMINIST RESEARCH/ DOCUMENTATION SUR LA RECHERCHE FEMINISTE 19, no.2 (1990): 2-38.