School-Related Gender-Based Violence (SRGBV): A Global Bibliography (Strand 2018)

Developed by Karla J. Strand, DPhil, MLIS
Gender and Women’s Studies Librarian
University of Wisconsin
August 2018

Last updated 4 January 2022

This bibliography is number 87 in the series “Bibliographies in Gender and Women’s Studies,” published by the University of Wisconsin System Office of the Gender and Women’s Studies Librarian.

Introduction

This bibliography is focused on books, articles, and online resources regarding school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV). It only includes items that have a specific gender focus, so articles about corporal punishment or bullying in schools more generally are not included. It also doesn’t usually include items that are focused on gender-based violence outside of schools, even if about youth. Resources from around the world are included but only if written in English.

If you have suggestions for additions or updates, please contact Karla Strand.

Multimedia

• Babb, J., Swanson, J.H., & Muluusi, H. (2017). School-related gender-based violence: New Global Guidance for Prevention and Response. [webinar]. Save the Children. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/MOM-hOaGx0o
• Sen, P. & Lust-Bianchi, P. (2018). Policy Spotlight on School related gender based violence. [interview]. UN Women. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/uY9Js90CDps

Organizations

• UNGEI: United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative – Ending Gender-Based Violence in Schools (includes thematic briefs, videos, global standards, and more). https://www.ungei.org/what-we-do/school-related-gender-based-violence

Resources By Location

Africa

• Badri, A.Y. (2014). School-gender-based violence in Africa: Prevalence and consequences. Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2), 1-20. Retrieved from https://www.eajournals.org/journals/global-journal-of-arts-humanities-and-social-sciences-gjahss/vol-2issue2april-2014/school-gender-based-violence-africa-prevalence-consequences/
• Beninger, C. (2013). Combating sexual violence in schools in sub-Saharan Africa: Legal strategies under regional and international human rights law. African Human Rights Law Journal, 13(2), 281-301. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1996-20962013000200003&lng=en&tlng=en
• Chege, F. (2006). Teacher identities and empowerment of girls against sexual violence. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/elim-disc-viol-girlchild/ExpertPapers/EP.13%20chege.pdf
• DevTech Systems. (2006). The Safe Schools Program: Quantitative research instrument to measure school-related gender-based violence. Washington, D.C.: United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Retrieved from https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK402.pdf
• Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE). (2004). Stop the abuse…Combating gender violence in schools. FAWE News, 12(3).
• Hallam, S. (1994). Crimes without punishment: Sexual harassment and violence against female students in schools and universities in Africa. Discussion Paper No. 4. London: Africa Rights.
• Kibriya, S., Tkach, B., Ahn, J., Valdez Gonzalez, N., Xu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2016). The effects of school-related gender-based violence on academic performance: Evidence from Botswana, Ghana, and South Africa. Washington DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Retrieved from https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/library/documents/effects-school-related-gender-based-violence-academic-performance-evidence
• Leach, F. (2002). School-based gender violence in Africa: A risk to adolescent sexual health. Perspectives in Education, 20(2), 99-112.
• Leach, F., Fiscian, V., Kadzamira, E., Lemani, E., & Machakanja, P. (August 2003). An investigative study of the abuse of girls in African schools. Retrieved from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/12849
• Leach, F., Slade, E., & Dunne, M. (2013). Promising practice in school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) prevention and response programming globally. Report commissioned for Concern Worldwide. Dublin, Ireland: Concern Worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.concern.net/insights/promising-practice-school-related-gender-based-violence-prevention-and-response
• Modiba, N.S. (2018). Managing gender-based violence and harassment in African schools to enable performance of all genders. Journal of Gender, Information & Development in Africa, 7(2), 185-203.
• Parkes, J. & Heslop, J. (2011). Stop Violence Against Girls in School : A cross country analysis of baseline research from Ghana, Kenya and Mozambique. ActionAid: Johannesburg. Retrieved from https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10023456/
• Parkes, J., Heslop, J., Oando, S., Sabaa, S., Januario, F., & Figue, A. (2013). Conceptualising gender and
  violence in research: Insights from studies in schools and communities in Kenya, Ghana and
  Mozambique. International Journal of Educational Development, 33, 546-556.

Central Africa

• Antonowicz, L. (2010). Too often in silence: A report on school-based violence in West and Central Africa. Dakar, Senegal: UNICEF. Retrieved from https://inee.org/resources/too-often-silence-report-school-based-violence-west-and-central-africa

East Africa

• Ethiopia
  • Altinyelken, H.K. & Le Mat, M. (2018). Sexual violence, schooling and silence: Teacher narratives from a secondary school in Ethiopia. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(4), 648-664.
  • B&M Development Consultant. (2008). A study on violence against girls in primary schools and its impacts on girls’ education in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Save the Children Denmark. Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/study-violence-against-girls-primary-schools-and-its-impacts-girls-education-ethiopia/
  • Bekele, A.B., van Aken, M.A.G. & Dubas, J.S. (2011). Sexual violence victimization among female secondary school students in Eastern Ethiopia. Violence and Victims, 26(5), 608–630.
  • DevTech Systems. (2004). The Safe Schools Program Ethiopia assessment report: April 26th–May 7th, 2004. Washington, DC: DevTech Systems, Inc. Retrieved from https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACY692.pdf
• Kenya
  • Barasa, S.F., Wamue-Ngare, G., & Wanjama, L. (2013).  Experience of school-related gender-based violence by pupils and the culture of silence: A case of primary schools in Kasarani District, Nairobi County, Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research 1(3), 1-20. Retrieved from https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/9908/Experience%20of%20school-related%20gender-based%20violence…..pdf?sequence=4
  • Keller, J., Golden, N.H., Kapphahn, C., Mboya, B.O., Sinclair, J., Githua, O.W., Mulinge, M., Bergholz, L., & Paiva, L. (2017). A 6-week school curriculum improves boys’ attitudes and behaviors related to gender-based violence in Kenya. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(4), 535-557.
• Sudan
  • Abdel Ghani, M. (2009). Violence against school girls in Omdurman locality. Ahfad University for Women.
• Tanzania
  • Mack, L. (2009). Girls getting to secondary school safely: Combating gender-based violence in the transportation sector in Tanzania. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED537465.pdf
  • Mgalla, Z., Schapink, D., & Boerma, T. (1998). Protecting school girls against sexual exploitation: A guardian programme in Mwanza, Tanzania. Reproductive Health Matters, 6(12), 19-30. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968808098900040
• Uganda
  • Action Aid International Uganda. (2004). Scoping study on gender-based violence in educational institutions in Uganda: A summary of findings. Kampala, Uganda: Action Aid International Uganda.
  • Mirembe, R. & Davies, L. (2001). Is schooling a risk? Gender, power relations, and school culture in Uganda. Gender & Education, 13(4), 401-416.
  • Muhanguzi, F.K. (2011). Gender and sexual vulnerability of young women in Africa: Experiences of young girls in secondary schools in Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(6), 713-725.
  • Norman, J. (2017). Journeys through Uganda: The USAID/Uganda Literacy Achievement and Retention Activity’s (LARA) approach to stopping SRGBV in primary schools. SHARED. Retrieved from https://shared.rti.org/content/journeys-through-uganda-usaiduganda-literacy-achievement-and-retention-activity%E2%80%99s-lara

Southern Africa

• Mitchell, C., & Mothobi-Tapela, I. (2004). Taking action: Gender-based violence in and around schools in Swaziland and Zimbabwe. New York, NY: UNICEF. Retrieved from https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/library/documents/taking-action-gender-based-violence-and-around-school-swaziland-and-zimbabwe
• Schwandt, H.M. & Underwood, C. (2016). Engaging school personnel in making schools safe for girls in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique. International Journal of Educational Development, 46, 53-58. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.10.008

• Eswatini (Swaziland)
  • Manzini-Henwood, C., Dlamini, N., & Obare, F. (2015). School-based girls’ clubs as a means of addressing sexual and gender-based violence in Swaziland. BMC Proceedings, 1–3.
• Lesotho
  • Morojele, P. (2009). Gender violence: Narratives and experiences of girls in three rural primary schools in Lesotho. Agenda, 23(80), 80-87.
• Malawi
  • Bisika, T., Ntata, P., & Konyani, S. (2009). Gender-violence and education in Malawi: A study of violence against girls as an obstruction to universal primary school education. Journal of Gender Studies, 18(3), 287–294.
  • Burton, P. (2005). Suffering at school: Results of the Malawi gender-based violence in schools survey. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.
  • Centre for Educational Research and Training (CERT) and Development Technology Systems (Dev. Tech.). (2008). The Safe Schools Program: A qualitative study to examine school-related gender-based violence in Malawi. Washington, DC: USAID.
  • Psaki, S.R., Mensch, B.S., & Soler-Hampejsek, E. (2017). Associations between violence in school and at home and education outcomes in rural Malawi: A longitudinal analysis. Comparative Education Review, 62(2), 354-390.
• Namibia
  • Brown, A. (2016). School-based gender-related violence in Namibia: Causes and manifestations. Commonwealth Youth and Development, 14(1), 54-64. Retrieved from https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC-5f11178e6
• South Africa
  • Abrahams, N. (2003). School violence: Another burden facing the girl child. A paper presented at the Second South African Gender-based Violence and Health Conference, Johannesburg.
  • Bhana, D. (2012). “Girls are not free” – in and out of the South African school. International Journal of Educational Development, 32, 352-358.
  • Burton, P. & Leoschut, L. (2013). School violence in South Africa: Results of the 2012 National School Violence Study. Cape Town: Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention. Monograph Series, 12.
  • Chabaya, O., Rembe, S., Wadesango, N., & Mafanya, Z. (2009). Factors that inhibit implementation of policies on gender-based violence in schools: A case study of two districts in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Agenda, 23(80), 97-108.
  • de Lange, N. & Mitchell, C. (2014). Building a future without gender violence: Rural teachers and youth in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, leading community dialogue. Gender & Education, 26(5), 584-599.
  • de Lange, N., Mitchell, C., & Bhana, D. (2012). Voices of women teachers about gender inequalities and gender-based violence in rural South Africa. Gender and Education, 24(5), 499–514.
  • Department of Education. (2001). Opening our eyes: Addressing gender-based violence in South Africa’s schools. Pretoria: Canadian–South African Management Programme.
  • Haffejee, S. (2006). Waiting opportunities: Adolescent girls experiences of gender-based violence at schools. Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. [South Africa]. Retrieved from https://preventgbvafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/waitingopportunities.pdf
  • Human Rights Watch (2001). Scared at school: Sexual violence against girls in South Africa schools. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • Jacobs, L. (2014). Framing of school violence in the South African printed media – (mis)information to the
    public. South African Journal of Education, 34, 16.
  • Lancaster, I.M. (2008). Racing, classing, and gendering school-related violence in three Johannesburg secondary schools. University of Maryland. Retrieved from https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/8877
  • Netshitangani, T. (2017). School management teams’ perspective of the gendered nature of school violence in South African public schools. Gender & Behaviour, 15(2), 9169-9176.
  • Rasool, S. (2017). Adolescent reports of experiencing gender based violence: Findings from a cross-sectional survey from schools in a South African city. Gender & Behaviour, 15(2), 9133-9145.
  • University of the Witwatersrand’s School of Law, Centre for Applied Legal Studies, and Cornell Law School’s Avon Global Center for Women and Justice and the International Human Rights Clinic. (2014). Sexual violence by educators in South African schools: Gaps in accountability. New York, NY: Avon Global Center for Women and Justice and Dorothea S. Clarke Program in Feminist Jurisprudence.
  • Wilson, F. (2012). Gender based violence in South African schools. Directions in Educational Planning: Symposium to honour the work of Françoise Caillods Conference. Retrieved from https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=gender-based-violence-in-south-african-schools-felicia-wilson.pdf&site=320
• Zambia
  • Women and Law in Southern Africa Trust-Zambia, Cornell Law School’s Avon Global Center for Women and Justice and the International Human Rights Clinic. (2012). They are destroying our futures: Sexual violence against girls in Zambia’s schools. New York, NY: Avon Global Center for Women and Justice and Dorothea S. Clarke Program in Feminist Jurisprudence. Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/avon_clarke/5/
• Zimbabwe
  • Chireshe, R. & Chireshe, E. (2009). Sexual harassment of female students in three selected high schools in urban Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Agenda, 23(80), 88-96.
  • Leach, F., Machakanja, P., & Mandoga, J. (2000). Preliminary investigation of the abuse of girls in Zimbabwean junior secondary schools—Education Research Paper No. 39. London, England: Department for International Development (DfID). Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08d70ed915d3cfd001a22/paper39.pdf

West Africa

• Antonowicz, L. (2010). Too often in silence: A report on school-based violence in West and Central Africa. Dakar, Senegal: UNICEF. Retrieved from https://inee.org/resources/too-often-silence-report-school-based-violence-west-and-central-africa
• Espey, J. & Jones, N. (2008). Increasing visibility and promoting policy action to tackle sexual exploitation in and around schools in Africa: A briefing paper with a focus on West Africa. Dakar, Senegal: Plan International, West Africa Regional Office. Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/increasing-visibility-and-promoting-policy-action-tackle-sexual-exploitation-and-around/

• Benin
  • Wible, B. (2004). Making school safe for girls: Combating gender-based violence in Benin. Washington, D.C.: Academy for Educational Development. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED486321
• Ghana
  • Brown, C.K. (2003). Sexual abuse of school children in Ghana. Ghana: Centre for Development Studies, University of Cape Coast.
  • Proulx, G. (2011). Male sexual and gender-based violence in schools: Barriers to community action and strategies for change. The case of Awaso, Ghana. University of Ottawa [Master’s Thesis], Ottawa, Canada. Retrieved from https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/20569/3/Proulx_Genevieve_2012_Thesis.pdf
  • Proulx, G.M. & Martinez, A. (2013). Sexual violence against girls in schools: Addressing the gaps between policy and practice in Awaso, Ghana. Journal of Applied Research on Children, 4(2), Article 9. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol4/iss2/9/
• Liberia
  • Postmus, J.L., Hoge, G.L., Davis, R., Johnson, E.K., Koechlein, E., & Winter, S. (2015). Examining gender based violence and abuse among Liberian school students in four counties: An exploratory study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 76–86.
• Sierra Leone
  • Concern Worldwide, Catholic Relief Services, Ibis & Plan International. (2010). National study on school-related gender-based violence in Sierra Leone. Retrieved from https://www.concern.net/insights/school-related-gender-based-violence-sierra-leone-2010
  • Reilly, A. (2014). Adolescent girls’ experiences of violence in school in Sierra Leone and the challenges to sustainable change. Gender & Development, 22(1), 13-29.
  • UNICEF & Ministry of Education, Science & Technology, Sierra Leone. (n.d.). Training Manual: For girls’ and boys’ clubs on school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) prevention and response. [Sierra Leone]. Retrieved from https://www.ungei.org/publication/training-manual-girls-and-boys-clubs-school-related-gender-based-violence-prevention
  • United Nations Population Fund (UNPFA). (2005). Gender-based violence in Sierra Leone: A case study. New York: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).

Asia

• Bhatla, N., Achyut, P., Khan, N., & Walia, S. (2014). Are schools safe and gender equal spaces? Findings from a baseline study of school related gender-based violence in five countries in Asia. Washington, D.C.: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW).
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2014). School-related gender-based violence in the Asia-Pacific Region. United National Girls’ Education Initiative (UNGEI). Bangkok, Thailand: UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000226754_eng

• India
  • Leach, F. & Sitaram, S. (2007). Sexual harassment and abuse of adolescent schoolgirls in South India. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(3). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197907081262
  • Miller, E. (2014). Evaluation of a gender-based violence prevention program for student athletes in Mumbai, India. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(4), 758–778.
• Lebanon
  • Mansour, Z., and S. Karam. (2012). School-related gender based violence (SRGBV) in Lebanon. Beirut, Lebanon: UNESCO Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States, Beirut. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000219623
• Pakistan
  • Brohi, N. & Anjaib, A. (2006). Violence against girls in the education system of Pakistan. In F. Leach and C. Mitchell (eds), Combating gender violence in and around schools. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham.
• Taiwan
  • Chen, J., & Astor, R. (2009). The perpetration of school violence in Taiwan: An analysis of gender, grade level and school type. School Psychology International, 30(6), 568–584.
• Vietnam
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2016). Reaching out: Preventing and addressing school-related gender-based violence in Viet Nam. Volume One and Volume Two.

Europe

• Kowzan, P. (2009). Teachers and school violence: A comparative study of Danish, American and Polish phenomena. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in Social Sciences, 1(3), 736-747.
• Lesta, S. & Pana, A. (2012). A manual for empowering young people in preventing gender-based violence through peer education. Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies (MIGS). Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/manual-empowering-young-people-preventing-gender-based-violence-through-peer-education/
• Ranchod, S. & Boezak, S. (June 2016). Lessons from Serbia: Addressing gender-based violence through the school without violence programme. Belgrade, Serbia: UNICEF Serbia Country Office. Retrieved from https://www.ungei.org/sites/default/files/Lessons-from-Serbia-Addressing-Gender-based-Violence-through-the-School-without-Violence-Programme-2016-eng.pdf

Latin America

• Cenotari, V., Chavez, C., et al. (2021). School-Related Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Building an evidence base for stronger schools. UNICEF. Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/school-related-violence-latin-america-and-caribbean-building-evidence-base-stronger-schools/

United States

• Kowzan, P. (2009). Teachers and school violence: A comparative study of Danish, American and Polish phenomena. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in Social Sciences, 1(3), 736-747.

Global/General

• Abrahams, N.S. & Ramela, P. (2006). Intersection of sanitation, sexual violence, and girls’ safety in schools. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 11(5).
• Abuya, B.A., Onsomu, E.O., Moore, K., & Sagwe, J. (2012). A phenomenological study of sexual harassment and violence among girls attending high schools in urban slums. Journal of School Violence, 11(4), 323–344.
• Action Aid International. (2004). Stop violence against girls in school. Johannesburg: Action Aid International Saxonwold.
• Asrari, L. (27 November 2017). How teachers can help end gender-based violence in schools. Plan International. Retrieved from https://plan-international.org/blog/2017/11/how-teachers-can-help-end-gender-based-violence-schools
• Beadle, S. & Bordoloi, S. (2019). Ending School-Related Gender-Based Violence: A Series of Thematic Briefs. UNGEI. Retrieved from https://www.ungei.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/Ending-school-related-gender-based-violence-A-series-of-thematic-briefs-2019-eng.pdf
• Bellis, M., Hughes, K., & Wood, S. (2019). School-based Violence Prevention: A Practical Handbook. WHO. Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/school-based-violence-prevention-practical-handbook/
• Bhana, D. (2009). Violence—a gendered perspective in education. Agenda, 23(80), 2-6.
• Bhana, D. (2013). Gender violence in and around schools: Time to get to zero. African Safety Promotional Journal, 11(2), 38-47.
• Daluxolo, N.N., & Moletsane, R. (2015). Using transformative pedagogies for the prevention of gender-based violence: Reflections from a secondary school-based intervention. Agenda, 29(3), 66-78.
• Dunne, M., Humphreys, S.; & Leach, F. (2006). Gender violence in schools in the developing world. Gender and Education, 18(1).
• Espelage, D., Basile, K., & Hamburger, M. (2012). Bullying perpetration and subsequent sexual violence perpetration among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(1), 60–65.
• Gådin, K. (2012). Sexual harassment of girls in elementary school: A concealed phenomenon within a heterosexual romantic discourse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(9), 1762–1779.
• Global Working Group to End SRGBV & United National Girls’ Education Initiative (UNGEI). (2016). Briefing paper addressing school-related gender-based violence is critical for safe learning environments in refugee contexts. Retrieved from https://www.ungei.org/sites/default/files/Addressing-school-related-gender-based-violence-is-critical-for-safe-learning-environments-in-refugee-contexts-%28briefing%20paper%29-2016-eng.pdf
• Global Working Group to End SRGBV & United National Girls’ Education Initiative (UNGEI). (n.d.). A whole school approach to prevent school-related gender-based violence. Retrieved from https://www.ungei.org/publication/whole-school-approach-prevent-school-related-gender-based-violence-1
• Greene, M.E., Robles, O., Stout, K., & Suvilaakso, T. (2013). A girl’s right to learn without fear: Working to end gender-based violence in school. Surrey, England: Plan International. Retrieved from https://plan-international.org/publications/girls-right-learn-without-fear
• Heslop, J. (November 2016). Technical brief: Engaging communities in dialogue on gender norms to tackle sexual violence in and around schools. Global Working Group to End SRGBV. Retrieved from https://www.ungei.org/publication/engaging-communities-gender-norms-tackle-sexual-violence
• Humphreys, S. (2008). Gendering corporal punishment: Beyond the discourse of human rights. Gender and Education, 20(5), 527–540.
• Keddie, A. (2009). Some of those girls can be real drama queens: Issues of gender, sexual harassment and schooling. Sex Education, 9(1), 1–16.
• Kim, J.H., Bailey, S., Erkut, S., Aoudeh, N., & Ceder, I. (2008). Unsafe schools: A literature review of school-related gender-based violence in developing countries. Arlington, Virginia: Development and Training Services.
• Leach, F. (2006). Researching gender violence in schools: methodological and ethical considerations. World Development, 34(6), 1129-1147.
• Leach, F. (2015). Researching gender violence in schools in poverty contexts: conceptual and methodological challenges. In Gender Violence in Poverty Contexts: The educational challenge. Edited by J. Parkes. London: Routledge.
• Leach, F., Dunne, M., & Salvi, F. (2014). School-related gender-based violence: A global review of current issues and approaches in policy, programming and implementation responses to school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) for the Education Sector. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374509
• Leach, F. & Humphreys, S. (2007). Gender violence in schools: Taking the ‘girls-as-victims’ discourse forward. Gender and Development 15(1), 51-65.
• Leach, F. & Mitchell, C. (Eds.). (2006). Combating gender violence in and around schools. London: Trentham.
• Leach, F., Slade, E., & Dunne, M. (2012). Desk review for concern: Promising practice in school related
  gender based violence (SRGBV) Prevention and Response Programming Globally. Dublin: Concern
  Worldwide.
• Meyer, E. (2008). Gendered harassment in high school: Understanding teachers’ (non)interventions. Gender and Education, 20(6), 555–570.
• Moma, A.K. (2015). Informing school-led intervention and prevention of sexual violence against girls at school: Voices from the school playground. Agenda, 29(3), 42-52.
• Mpiana, K. (2011). The perceptions that grade twelve learners have about sexual violence against girls in the school context. African Journal of Business Management 5(23), 9992–9997.
• MSI (Management Systems International). (2008). Are schools safe havens for children? Examining school-related gender-based violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Retrieved from https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM792.pdf
• Ogunfowokan, A. A., & Fajemilehin, R. B. (2012). Impact of a school-based sexual abuse prevention
  education program on the knowledge and attitude of high school girls. Journal of School Nursing, 28, 459-468.
• Ohio State University., C. C. for S. E. (1996). Students in danger: Gender-based violence in our schools. Equity Issues, 2(1).
• Parkes, J. (2010). Girls’ education and violence: Reflections on the first decade of the twenty-first century. Presented at Engendering Empowerment: Education and Equality, United Nations Girl’s Education Initiative (UNGEI), Dakar, Senegal. May 17–20.  
• Parkes, J. (2016). The evolution of policy enactment on gender-based violence in schools. Prospects, 46(1), 93-107.
• Parkes, J., Heslop, J., Johnson Ross, F., Westerveld, R., & Unterhalter, E. (2016). A rigorous review of global research evidence on policy and practice on school-related gender-based violence. United Nations Girl’s Education Initiative (UNGEI), University College London – Institute of Education, UNICEF, Global Partnership for Education, Learning for Peace. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/documents/rigorous-review-global-research-evidence-policy-and-practice-school-related-gender-based
• Rahimi, R., & Liston, D. (2011). Race, class, and emerging sexuality: Teacher perceptions and sexual harassment in schools. Gender and Education, 23(7), 799–810.
• RTI International. (2016). Conceptual framework for measuring school-related gender-based violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Retrieved from https://shared.rti.org/content/conceptual-framework-measuring-school-related-gender-based-violence
• RTI International. (2016). Literature review on school-related gender-based violence: How it
  is defined and studied. Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Retrieved from https://assets.prb.org/pdf16/IGWG_10.19.16_DERP-SRGBV-LitReview.pdf
• School Violence and Bullying: Global Status Report. (2017). UNESCO. Retrieved from https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/school-violence-and-bullying-global-status-report/
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