Gender- and Race-Based Socialization

Citations for this section contributed by Joan E. Riedle

Arima, A. N. (2003).  Gender stereotypes in Japanese television advertisements. Sex Roles, 49(1-2), 81-90.

Astin, H. S. (1984a).  The meaning of work in women’s lives: A Sociopsychological model of career choice and work behavior.  The Counseling Psychologist, 12(4), 117-126.

Astin, H. S. (1984b).  In appreciation of the richness of the commentaries. The Counseling Psychologist, 12(4), 151-152.

Barnett, R., & Rivers, C. (2004).  How gender myths are hurting our relationships, our children, and our jobs.   New York: Basic Books.

Basow, S. A. (1984).  Cultural variations in sex-typing.  Sex Roles, 10(7/8), 577-585.

Bem, S. L. (1981).  Gender schema theory:  A cognitive account of sex-typing.  Psychological Review, 88, 354-364.

Bem, S. L. (1983).  Gender schema theory and its implications for child development:  Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society.  Signs, 8, 598-616.

Brannon, L. (2005). Gender: Psychological perspectives (4th ed.).  Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Brownlow, S., Jacobi, T., & Rogers, M. (2000).  Science anxiety as a function of gender and experience.  Sex Roles, 42, 119-131.

Bussey, K., & Bandura, A (1984).  Influence of gender constancy and social power on sex-linked modeling.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(6), 1292-1302.

Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999).  Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation.  Psychological Review, 106(4), 676-713.

Condry, J., & Condry, S. (1976).  Sex differences:  A study of the eye of the beholder.  Child Development, 47, 812-819.

Davenport, D. S., & Yurick, J. M. (2001).  Multicultural gender issues.  Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 64-71.

Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984).  Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735-754.

Eschholz, S., Bufkin, J., & Long, J. (2002).  Symbolic reality bites: Women and racial/ethnic minorities in modern film.  Sociological Spectrum, 22, 299-334.

Finn, J. (1986).  The relationship between sex role attitudes and attitudes supporting marital violence.  Sex Roles, 14(5/6), 235-244.

Fox, R. L., & Lawless, J. L. (2003).  Family structure, sex-role socialization, and the decision to run for office.  Women & Politics, 24(4), 19-48.

Glascock, J. (2001).  Gender roles on prime-time network television: Demographics and behaviors.  Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 45(4), 656-669.

Gorham, B. W. (1999).  Stereotypes in the media: So what?  The Howard Journal of Communications, 10, 229-247.

Hill, S. A. (2002).  Teaching and doing gender in African American families.  Sex Roles47(11/12), 493-506.

Hoffman, C., & Hurst, N. (1990).  Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization?  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 197-208.

Hudson, J. B., & Hines-Hudson, B. (1999).  A study of the contemporary racial attitudes of Whites and African Americans.  The Western Journal of Black Studies, 23(1), 22-34.

Hughes, D. (2003).  Correlates of African American and Latino parents’ messages to children about ethnicity and race: A comparative study of racial socialization.  American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 15-33.

Hyde, J. S. (1985).  Half the human experience:  The psychology of women (3rd ed.).  Lexington, MA:  D. C. Heath & Co.

Hyde, J. S. (1986).  Gender differences in aggression.  In J. S. Hyde & M. C. Linn. (Eds.), The Psychology of gender: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 51-66).   Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Idle, T., Wood, E., & Desmarais, S. (1993).  Gender role socialization in toy play situations: Mothers and fathers with their sons and daughters.  Sex Roles, 28, 679-691.

Leaper, C., Breed, L., Hoffman, L., & Perlman, C. A. (2002).  Variations in the gender-stereotyped content of children’s television cartoons across genres.  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(8), 1653-1662.

Lott, B., & Maluso, D. (1995).  The social psychology of interpersonal discrimination.  New York: The Guilford Press.

Martins-Crane, M. D. L., Beyerlein, M. M., & Johnson, D. A. (1995).  In N. J. Struthers (Ed.), Gender in the workplace [Special issue].  Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10(6), 27-50.

Mead, M. (1935; 1963).  Sex and temperament in three primitive societies.  New York: William Morrow & Co.

Mischel, W. (1966).  A social-learning view of sex differences in behavior.  In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 56-81).  Stanford:  Stanford University Press.

Mischel, W. (1970).  Sex-typing and socialization.  In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael‘s manual of child psychology (Vol. 2, 3rd ed., pp. 3-72).  New York:  Wiley.

Oliver, M. B., Jackson, R. L. II., Moses, N. N., & Dangerfield, C. L. (2004).  The faces of crime: Viewers’ memory of race-related facial features of individuals pictured in the news.  Journal of Communication, 54(1), 88-104.

Pearl, D., Bouthilet, L., & Lazar, J. (1988).  Socialization and conceptions of social reality.  In Handel, Childhood socialization (pp. 239-260). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

Peters, M. F. (2002). Racial socialization of young Black children.  In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black children (2nd ed., pp. 57-96).  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Reid, P. T. (1979).  Racial stereotyping on television: A comparison of the behavior of both Black and White television characters.  Journal of Applied Psychology, 64(5), 465-471.

Richardson, L. E., Jr., & Freeman, P. K. (1995).  Gender differences in constituency service among state legislators.  Political Research Quarterly, 48(1), 169-179.

Rudman, L. A., & Lee, M. R. (2002).  Implicit and explicit consequences of exposure to violent and misogynous rap music.  Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 5(2), 133-150.

Schlueter, D. W., Barge, J. K., & Blankenship, D. (1990).  A comparative analysis of influence strategies used by upper and lower-level male and female managers.  Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54, 42-65.

Secord, P. F., Bevan, W., & Katz, B. (1956).  The Negro stereotype and perceptual accentuation.  Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53, 78-83.

Smith, P. A., & Midlarsky, E. (1985).  Empirically derived conceptions of femaleness and maleness:  A current view.  Sex Roles, 12, 313-328.

Tabak, F. (1997).  Women’s upward mobility in manufacturing organizations in Istanbul: A glass ceiling initiative?  Sex Roles, 36, 93-102.

Tajfel, H. (1981).  Human groups and social categories:  Studies in social psychology. Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press.

Tavris, C., & Wade, C. (1984).  The longest war:  Sex differences in perspective (2nd ed.).  San Diego:  Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

Thornton, M. C., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Allen, W. R. (1990).  Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents.  Child Development, 61, 401-409.

Unger, R., & Crawford, M. (1992).  Women and gender:  A feminist psychology.  New York:  McGraw-Hill.

Watson, C. (1994).  Gender versus power as predictor of negotiation behavior and outcomes. Negotiation Journal, 10(2), 117-127.

Weitzman, L. J. (1979).  Sex role socialization:  A focus on women.  Palo Alto, CA:  Mayfield.

Will, J. A., Self, P. A., & Datan, N. (1976).  Maternal behavior and perceived sex of infant.  American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46, 135-139.

Yoder, J. D. (1991).  Rethinking tokenism: Looking beyond numbers.  Gender and Society, 5(2), 178-192.

Yoder, J. D. (1999). Women and gender: Transforming psychology.  Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall.

Yoder, J. D. (2002).  2001 Division 35 Presidential address: Context Matters: Understanding tokenism processes and their impact on women’s work.  Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(1), 1-8.

Yoder, J. D., Schleicher, T. L., & McDonald, T. W. (1998).  Empowering token women leaders. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 209-222.

See also under Race, Gender, Class and Management: Introductory Material:

Kanter, R.M. 1977.