Computer Science and Education

Resources in this section center on women studying for careers or already working in computerscience.html, past or present. Included are undergraduates, graduate students, or those working in the field as teachers, consultants, managers, or the like. There is, of course, overlap between materials in this section and those cited in the “Education” section. Some brief and more popular pieces are included in this section as there are relatively few formal studies available on women working in the profession.

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Adam, Alison and Margaret Bruce. “The Expert Systems Debate: A Gender Perspective.” GENDERED BY DESIGN? INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND OFFICE SYSTEMS, ed. Eileen Green et al., pp.81-92. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993.

Adam, Alison. “Who Knows How? Who Knows That? Feminist Epistemology and Artificial Intelligence.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.143-156. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.

Adam, Alison. “Women and Computing in the UK.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 43.

Angier, Natalie. “The Glass Ceiling: In Theory Women Swell Ranks of Science, But Remain Invisible at the Top.” ACM SIGACT NEWS v.22, no.3 (Summer 1991): 38-40.

Arnold, Carolyn Lee. SALARY AND OCCUPATION BY GENDER AMONG COMMUNITY COLLEGE COMPUTER SCIENCE GRADUATES. Stanford, CA: Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1988. 435p.

Astone, Mary Kathryn. GENDER STEREOTYPING OF COMPUTING. Auburn, AL: Ph.D. dissertation, Auburn University, 1995. 122p.
Development and testing of a Gender Typing Scale (GTS) regarding “gender typing perceptions of computing activities” (abstract).

Bank, B., et al. TEACHING COMPUTING: CONTENT AND METHODS. Keele, UK: Keele University Department of Computer Science, 1992.
Proceedings of The Women Into Computing Conference, July 1992. Includes: “Person-Friendly Computer Science” (Julia Dain); “The Status of Women in Computing: USA” (Louise E. Moses); and “Everybody Does Information Technology in Ystalyfera!” (Helen Yewlett), among other contributions. (Not examined.)

BARRIERS TO EQUALITY IN ACADEMIA: WOMEN IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AT M.I.T. Cambridge, MA: Female Graduate Students and Research Staff of the Laboratory for Computer Science and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, [1983.] 44p. bibl.

Baum, Joan. THE CALCULATING PASSION OF ADA BYRON. Hamden, CT: Archon Books/Shoe String Press, 1986. 133p. bibl. index. ill.
The story of Ada Byron Lovelace, credited by some as the first programmer for her forty pages of “Notes” or technical essays on Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, which though never built was credited as an early model for the computer.

Baylor, Sandra Johnson. “Graduate Fellowship Programs.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 37-42.
An excellent listing of sponsoring organizations, eligibility requirements, and amount of help available to graduate computer science students.

Beech, C. “Women and WIT.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.335-346. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Benston, Margaret Lowe. “For Women, the Chips are Down.” THE TECHNOLOGICAL WOMAN: INTERFACING WITH TOMORROW, ed. Jan Zimmerman, pp.44-54. New York: Praeger, 1983.
Examines the history of automation and the deskilling of programming, with effects on women entering the profession.

Bernstein, Danielle R. “Comfort and Experience with Computing: Are They the Same for Women and Men?” SIGCSE BULLETIN v.23, no.3 (September 1991): 57-60.

Bohonak, Noni McCullough. “Attracting and Retaining Women in Graduate Programs in Computer Science.” TEACHING THE MAJORITY: BREAKING THE GENDER BARRIER IN SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND ENGINEERING, ed. Sue V. Rosser, pp.169-180. New York: Teachers College Press, 1995.

Borg, Anita and Telle Whitney. “The Grace Hopper Celebration.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 50-51.
Description of conference held in June 1994, Washington, D.C. with 450 women computer specialists attending. (See Web site listing under “Electronic” section.)

Borg, Anita. “Women Defining Technology for the 21st Century: A Report from America.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.231-238. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
Reports on projects in the U.S. geared to “encourage women and minorities to enter the computing profession, and once there, to stay and thrive” (abstract, p.231).

Breene, L. Anne. “Women and Computer Science.” INITIATIVES: JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOMEN IN ENGINEERING v.55, no.2 (May 1993): 39-44.
Briefly surveys women’s place in computer science, from middle school to academic workplace, noting the sexism still present in the field and the curriculum.

Bromberg, Howard. “Grace Murray Hopper: A Remembrance.” IEEE SOFTWARE v.9, no.3 (May 1992): 103.
U.S. Rear Admiral Hopper was co-inventor of the COBOL computer language and in charge of the deparment that produced the first language compiler, opening a new era in programming. Other obituaries appeared in COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.32, no.4 (April 1992): 128; DIGITAL REVIEW v.9, no.2 (January 20, 1992):40; FEDERAL COMPUTER WEEK v.6, no.1 (January 13, 1992): 26; and IEEE SOFTWARE v.9, no.2 (March 1992): 95 as well as elsewhere. Hopper died January 1, 1992.

Bruce, Margaret and Alison Adam. “Expert Systems and Women’s Lives: A Technology Assessment.” FUTURES v.21, no.5 (October 1989): 480-497.
This study begins “to explore aspects of gender dimensions of artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, the more recent work on expert and knowledge-based systems” (p.480).

Burton, Kathy. “Five Women Who Changed Their Lives.” HOME OFFICE COMPUTING v.8 (April 1990): 43-48.
Describes five women with homebased computer businesses: Karla Blevins, Denise Marcil, Deborah Dawson, Christine Donovan, and Cari Warner.

Capek, Mary Ellen. “Wired Words: Building a National and International On-line Thesaurus and Dababase for Access to Women’s Information Resources.” COMMUNICATION AT THE CROSSROADS: THE GENDER GAP CONNECTION, ed. Ramona Rush and Donna Allen, pp.208-221. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989.

Cole, K.C. “Kristina Hooper: Building Bridges for the Brain.” DISCOVER v.5, (June 1984): 74-77+.

COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995); special issue: “Women in Computing,” guest ed. Amy Pearl. Includes: “Women in Computing: Where Are We Now?” (Maria Klawe and Nancy Levenson); “Graduate Fellowship Programs” (Sandra Johnson Baylor); “Women in Computing in the UK” (Alison Adam); “Announcing a New List: The WCAR List” (Laura L. Downey); “TAP: Tapping Internet Resources for Women in Computing” (Elisabeth Freeman and Susanne Hupfer); “Pioneering Women in Computer Science” (Denise W. Gurer); “The Grace Hopper Celebration” (Anita Borg and Telle Whitney); “Human Nature and Glass Ceiling in Industry” (Kathleen Hemenway); “Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A Literature Review” (Ellen Isaacs); “Executive Mentoring: What Makes It Work?” (Shari Lawrence Pfleeger and Norma Mertz); “Mentoring Resources and Programs for Women” (Amita Goyal); “Situations and Advancement Measures in Germany” (Veronika Oechtering and Roswitha Behnke); plus several shorter pieces. See also discussion of the special issue in the April 1995 issue of COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM, pp.11-14.

Cooper, Christine, and Karin van Dam. “To Be (Certain) or Not To Be (Certain): A Feminist Perspective on Artificial Intelligence.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.157-169. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
Suggests that “the underlying philosophy behind existing research needs to be rethought in order to advance AI” (p.157) and examines how French post-structuralist feminist philosophy might relate to the study of artificial intelligence.

Crutzen, Cecile K.M. “The Influence of Feminist Theory on Informatics Course Design.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.59-74. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.

Cushman, John H. “Admiral Hopper’s Farewell — 1986.” NEW YORK TIMES BIOGRAPHICAL SERVICE v.17 (August 1986): 1036-1037.
Grace Murray Hopper retired from her second stint with the U.S. Navy in 1986, having helped develop the COBOL computer language and the first compiler. Other biographical information may be found in: “Pioneers” in ELECTRONICS WORLD & WIRELESS WORLD v.95 (December 1989): 1192+; VOICE OF AMERICA INTERVIEWS WITH EIGHT AMERICAN WOMEN OF ACHIEVEMENT by Chantal Mompoullan (Washington, DC?: U.S. Information Agency, 1985); THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING: A BIOGRAPHICAL PORTRAIT OF THE VISIONARIES WHO SHAPED THE DESTINY OF THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY by Marguerite Zientara (CW Communications, 1981); “Beacon for the Future” by George Leopold in DATAMATION v.32 (October 1986): 109-110; “An Admiral’s Amazing Grace” by Marie Hodge in 50 PLUS v.26 (October 1986): 16-17; and a juvenile book, GRACE HOPPER: NAVY ADMIRAL AND COMPUTER PIONEER by Charlene W. Billings (Enslow Publishers, 1989).

Dain, Julia. “Getting Women into Computing.” UNIVERSITY COMPUTING v.10, no.3 (September 1988): 154-157.

de Olde, Cora and Anneke van Doorne-Huiskes. “Positions of Women in Information Technology in The Netherlands; Education, Job Characteristics and Proposals for an Equal Opportunity Policy.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.347-362. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Donato, Katharine M. “Programming for Change? The Growing Demand for Women Systems Analysts.” JOB QUEUES, GENDER QUEUES: EXPLAINING WOMEN’S INROADS INTO MALE OCCUPATIONS, ed. Barbara F. Reskin and Patricia A. Roos, pp.167-182. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
Women gained in the field of systems analysis, the author summarizes, through employer demand due to rapid growth of the field. Once the occupation appeared more “feminized,” men’s leaving the field accelerated women’s gains, although some gender segregation within the profession is evident.

Donato, Katharine M. and Patricia A. Roos. “Gender and Earnings Inequality Among Computer Specialists.” WOMEN, WORK, AND TECHNOLOGY: TRANSFORMATIONS, ed. Barbara Drygulski Wright et al., pp. 291-317. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987.

Dowling, Claudia. “The Testing of Dory Yochum.” LIFE v.13 (August 1990): 54-60+.
An account of Dory Yochum’s battle for an executive position at AT&T and her eventual installation as CEO of Interconnection Technologies, a part of AT&T’s Microelectronics division.

Downey, Laura L. “Announcing a New List: The WCAR List.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 43-44.
Women in Computing Academic Resource list of colleges and universities with programs for encouraging women in computer science.

Durndell, Alan. “The Persistence of the Gender Gap in Computing.” COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION v.16 (1991): 283-287.

“Dynamic Duo Builds Skills for the Future.” HOME OFFICE COMPUTING v.8 (April 1990): 46-47.
On two women with a computer-based home publishing business.

Eastman, Caroline M. “Accommodating Diversity in Computer Science Education.” TEACHING THE MAJORITY: BREAKING THE GENDER BARRIER IN SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND ENGINEERING, ed. Sue V. Rosser, pp.160-168. New York: Teachers College Press, 1995.

Emms, Judy. “Workshop: Developing Our Own Mentoring Skills.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.325-332. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
Mentoring for women in the computing professions.

Epstein, Susan L. “Anatomy of a Course: Program Keys in Success for Women and Minorities.” LIBERAL EDUCATION v.79 (Summer 1993): 44-50.

Flack, Dave, editor-in-chief. OPEN COMPUTING v.11, no.12 (December 1994): special section on women and computing. Includes: “What Are You Ladies Doing Here?” (Bronwyn Fryer); “He Said, She Said, They Said” (Rusty Weston); “Open Computing’s Top 100 Women in Computing” (Bronwyn Fryer and Roderick Simpson); profiles by Carolyn W.S. Wong, Vera Tweed, and Natalie Engler; “Help Is Where You Find It” (Natalie Engler); and “Women’s Electronic Forums and Mailing Lists.”

Folger, Tim. “Art for Science’s Sake.” DISCOVER v.12 (December 1991): 18-21.
Profiles Donna Cox, an artist turned computer animator and associate director of University of Illinois’s National Center for Supercomputing Applications.

Frenkel, Karen A. “Women and Computing.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.33, no.11 (November 1990): 34-46. (Also available electronically, with URL: http://cpsr.org/cpsr/gender/frenkel.cacm.womcomp)
Frenkel examines why women entering computing careers often drop out of the academic world, deciding against an advanced degree, and enter industry instead.

Fryer, Bronwyn. “What It Takes.” WOMEN IN COMPUTING no.2 (1996): 7-11.
Offers personal anecdotes and summarizing comments about McGraw-Hill’s second annual listing of “the top 100 women in computing.” (See also: “The Top 100 Women.”) Suggests ten strategies for “breaking the glass ceiling.”

Gaio, Fatima Janine. “Women in Software Programming: The Experience of Brazil.” WOMEN ENCOUNTER TECHNOLOGY: CHANGING PATTERNS OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD, ed. Swasti Mitter and Sheila Rowbotham, pp.205-232. New York: Routledge in association with the United Nations University Press, 1995.

Glenn, Evelyn Nakano and Charles M. Tolbert II. “Technology and Emerging Patterns of Stratification for Women of Color: Race and Gender Segregation in Computer Occupations.” WOMEN, WORK, AND TECHNOLOGY: TRANSFORMATIONS, ed. Barbara Drygulski Wright et al., pp.218-331. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987.
Analysis of data from the March 1983 portion of the Bureau of Census Current Population Survey, revealing that racial ethnic women often enter the lowest ranks of computer occupations and experience related wage discrimination. Goodness, Jeanne Marie. “Factors Which Influence Women’s Decision to Major in Computer Science in College.” Nashville, TN: Ed.D., Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1990. 290p.

Goyal, Amita. “Mentoring Resources and Programs for Women.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 66-67.
Includes both print and organizational resources.

Griese, David and Dorothy Marsh. “The 1988-89 Taulbee Survey Report.” COMPUTER v.23, no.10 (October 1990): 65-71.

Gruman, Galen. “Getting Women and Minorities into Computer Science.” IEEE SOFTWARE v.7, no.4 (July 1990): 87-89, 92.

Gruman, Galen. “Women, Minorities, and Computer Science: Putting Them All Together.” COMPUTER v.23, (July 1990): p.93.

Grundy, Frances. “Women in the Computing Workplace: Some Impressions.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.349-363. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
Looks at sexism within computing departments and how it relates to status and types of work.
Gurer, Denise W. “Pioneering Women in Computer Science.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 45-54.
In addition to recognized names such as Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace and Grace Murray Hopper, there are Sister Mary Kenneth Keller, Judy Clapp, Mildred Koss, Adele Goldstine, Thelma Estrin, Mary K. Hawes, and a number of others.

Hacker, Sally L. “The Culture of Engineering: Woman, Workplace, and Machine.” WOMEN’S STUDIES INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY v.4, no.3 (1981): 341-353.

Hacker, Sally L. with Charles E. Starnes. “Computers in the Workplace: Stratification and Labor Process Among Engineers and Technicians.” DOING IT THE HARD WAY: INVESTIGATIONS OF GENDER AND TECHNOLOGY, by Sally L. Hacker, pp.175-194. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
Looks at the degradation of parts of the engineering profession, with declining employment opportunities except at the top; examines the employment future of engineers and technicians due to computer-aided processes, with implications for comparable worth.

Hafner, Katie. “Woman, Computer Nerd — and Proud.” NEW YORK TIMES (August 29, 1993): sec.3, pp.1,4.
Brief biographical information on Stephanie Winner (Apple computer engineer), Ellen Spertus (M.I.T. student and part-time Microsoft programmer), and Megan Smith (engineer at General Magic).

Hal, Tracy. “No Quality Without Equality.” IEEE SOFTWARE v.12 (March 1995): 101-102.
Results of a survey of more than 200 software engineers on software quality control. See also “What’s the Gender-Quality Connection?” by Susan E. Kraterfield and Ron House in the July 1995 issue of IEEE SOFTWARE, pp.5-6.

Hall, W., and G. L. Lovegrove. “Women and AI.” AI & SOCIETY v.2, no.3 (1988): 270-271.

Hapnes, Tove and Bente Rasmussen. “The Production of Male Power in Computer Science.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.395-405. New York: Elsevier, 1991.
Examines the hacker culture and how it affects women computer science students.

Henley, F. Milene. “Good, Better, Best.” WORKING WOMAN v.12 (December 1987): 86-89.
Describes the work of Deborah A. Coleman, who joined Apple Computer in 1981, moved on to manage the Macintosh computer factory and then became director of worldwide marketing, helping turn the company’s fortunes around.

Henwood, Flis. “Establishing Gender Perspectives on Information Technology: Problems, Issues and Opportunities.” GENDERED BY DESIGN? INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND OFFICE SYSTEMS, ed. Eileen Green et al., pp.31-49. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993.
Explores general questions of “the gendering of technological skills and knowledges” as applied particularly to women working in information technology fields (author’s abstract).

Hodge, Marie. “An Admiral’s Amazing Grace.” 50 PLUS v.26 (October 1986): 16-17.
On Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, pioneer in the use of computers during her Naval career, and a developer of the COBOL computer language.

Howell, Kathy. “The Experience of Women in Undergraduate Computer Science: What Does the Research Say?” SIGCSE BULLETIN v.25, no.2 (June 1, 1993): 1-8.

Huskey, Velma R. and Harry D. Huskey. “Ada, Countess of Lovelace, and Her Contribution to Computing.” ABACUS v.1, no.2 (Winter 1984): 22-29.
Concise summary of the Countess’ life and contributions.

Huskey, Velma R. and Harry D. Huskey. “Lady Lovelace and Charles Babbage.” ANNALS OF THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING v.2, no.4 (1980): 299-329.
Reproduces and comments on correspondence between Lovelace and Babbage. Other material on Lovelace includes: “Lady Lovelace” by Vicki Birch and Coralee Evans, MATHEMATICS TEACHING v.131 (June 1990): 30-31; “Computing’s First Lady” by Gren Manuel, THE ENGINEER v.269 (November 2, 1989): 58; “Babbage and the Countess” by Elizabeth S. Wall, ELECTRONIC EDUCATION v.5 (February 1986): 10; a section in WOMEN IN SCIENCE: ANTIQUITY THROUGH THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY WITH ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY by Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie (MIT Press, 1986); and part of Chapter 11 in HYPATIA’S HERITAGE: A HISTORY OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE FROM ANTIQUITY THROUGH THE NINETEENTH CENTURY by Margaret Alic (Beacon Press, 1986), pp.157-163.

Isaacs, Ellen. “Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A Literature Review.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 58-59.

Jagacinski, Carolyn M., et al. “Gender Differences in Persistence in Computer-Related Fields.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.4, no.2 (1988): 185-202.

Jansen, Sue Curry. “The Ghost in the Machine: Artificial Intelligence and Gendered Thought Patterns.” RESOURCES FOR FEMINIST RESEARCH v.17, no.4 (December 1988): 4-7.
Argues that the gendered constructions of AI scientists, who envision artificial intelligence as supremely male, offer both an opportunity for feminist research and an imperative for intervention.

Jensen, Poul Erik and Lars Klewe. “Gender Differences and Computer Use in Education.” Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Educational Research, 1989. 40 leaves. ill.

Karasti, Helena. “What’s Different in Gender Oriented ISD? Identifying Gender Oriented Information Systems Development Approach.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam, pp.45-58. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.

Kerner, Janet T. and Kathy Vargas. “Women and Computers: What We Can Learn From Science.” SIGCSE BULLETIN v.26, no.2 (June 1, 1994): 52-56.

Klawe, Maria and Nancy Levenson. “Women in Computing: Where Are We Now?” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 29-35.

Kretchmar, Laurie. “Microsoft’s Secret Weapon.” WORKING WOMAN v.20 (July 1995): 52-54+. On Patricia Stonesifer’s work with Microsoft Corporation.

Kurtzig, Sandra L. with Tom Parker. CEO: BUILDING A $400 MILLION COMPANY FROM THE GROUND UP. New York: Norton, 1991; Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994. 307p. index.
The biography of a computer industry executive.

Kvande, Elin and Bente Rasmussen. “Men, Women and Data Systems.” EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION v.14, no.4 (1989): 369-379.
Suggests changing the arrangement of computer courses from association with math and technical subjects toward “broader courses based on social subjects and arts as well” to increase numbers of women in the field (summary, p.369).

Laberis, Bill. “Katherine Hudson: Barrier Breaker.” COMPUTERWORLD v.26, no.25 (June 22, 1992): 20.
Of the “Twenty-five People Who Changed the World” featured in this special anniversary edition of COMPUTERWORLD, Katherine Hudson, an Eastman Kodak information systems (IS) executive, is the only woman amid the likes of H. Ross Perot, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, and Seymour Cray.

Lancaster, Ann-Marie and Bruce Smith. “Potential Contributions of Cooperative Education to the Retention of Women in Computer Science.” COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION v.5, no.1 (1994): 85-101.

Lear, Frances. “Lunch.” LEAR’S v.6 (Fall 1994): 16-17.
Lear interviews Ellen Pack, cofounder and president of the on-line computer network for women, Women’s Wire.

Lewis, Peter H. “She Defines Autodesk and Women’s Issues, Too.” NEW YORK TIMES (Late New York Edition), (November 7, 1993): sec.3, p.10.
An interview with Carol Ann Bartz, president and chief executive officer of Autodesk Inc., a large computer software company.

Lippitt, Jill. “The Feminist Face of Computer Technology.” WOMAN OF POWER no.11 (Fall 1988): 56-57.
Subtitled “The Vision Behind the National Women’s Mailing List,” this brief piece argues for using computer technology for empowerment of women.

Lips, Hilary M. and Linda Temple. “Majoring in Computer Science: Causal Models for Women and Men.” RESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION v.31, no.1 (February 1990): 99-113.
While attitude toward mathematics seemed to be a stronger factor in men’s attitudes toward computerscience.html in this questionnaire survey, for women the key was experience with computerscience.html.

Littman, Jonathan. “Hard Drive.” WORKING WOMAN v.18 (June 1993): 44-47+.
Describes Carol Bartz’s tenure as president and CEO at Autodesk, a software company in Silicon Valley, and the fight with breast cancer that began on her second day of work.

Lovelace, Augusta Ada Byron King, Countess of; narr. and ed. by Betty A. Toole. ADA, THE ENCHANTRESS OF NUMBERS: A SELECTION FROM THE LETTERS OF LORD BYRON’S DAUGHTER AND HER DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST COMPUTER. Mill Valley, CA: Strawberry Press, 1992. 440p. index.
Quotes extensively from the Countess’ letters, including her notes on the operation of Babbage’s “analytical engine,” with substantial commentary by Toole on the events of Ada Lovelace’s life and work. Amply illustrated.

Mahony, Karen and Bret Van Toen. “Mathematical Formalism as a Means of Occupational Closure in Computing: Why `Hard’ Computing Tends to Exclude Women.” GENDER AND EDUCATION v.2, no.3 (1990): 319-331.

Markoff, John. “Reprogramming the Hacker Elite.” NEW YORK TIMES (Late New York Edition), (January 2, 1994): Sec.3: p.6.
Describes the background and career of Donna Auguste, a black woman who helped create Apple Computer’s Newton system.

Martin, C. Dianne and Rachelle S. Heller. “Bringing Young Minority Women to Computers and Science: Developing Intervention Programmes That Work.” GATES: GREATER ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE JOURNAL, no.1, 1994. From Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.

McCormick, Naomi and John McCormick. “Not for Men Only: Why So Few Women Major in Computer Science.” COLLEGE STUDENT JOURNAL v.25, no.3 (September 1991): 345-350.
Though they include some rather sweeping statements about gendered use of and interest in computers, the authors suggest interesting ways to encourage women’s participation in computerscience.html programs, including making the lab areas safe, hiring more women faculty, training lab aids in social skills as well as computer expertise, eliminating gender bias in software, curriculum, and assignments.

Meredith, Helen, ed. WOMEN IN TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE – IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. Belconnen, ACT: National Information Technology Council, 1994.
Some history of women in the computing field in Australia.

Milano, Carol. “The Computer Secrets of Six Self-Starters.” WORKING WOMAN v.16 (October 1991): 55-56+.
Describes six women-owned small businesses and how they dealt with their computer requirements.

Milic, Andjelka. “Women, Technology and Societal Failure in Former Yugoslavia.” BRINGING TECHNOLOGY HOME: GENDER AND TECHNOLOGY IN A CHANGING EUROPE, ed. Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Furst Dilic, pp.147-164. Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1994.
In a study of rural housewives and high-level computer engineers in the developing Yugoslav economy, the author found a startling similarity in the stereotyping and devaluing of women’s work.

Murray, Fergus. “A Separate Reality: Science, Technology and Masculinity.” GENDERED BY DESIGN? INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND OFFICE SYSTEMS, ed. Eileen Green et al., pp.64-80. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993.

Myers, J. Paul, Jr. “Men Supporting Women Computer Science Students.” SIGCSE BULLETIN v.24, no.1 (March 1992): 63-66.

Nebeker, Frederik. “Thelma Estrin, Biomedical Engineer: A Pioneer of Applied Computing.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE v.81, no.10 (October 1993): 1370-1382.
The story of the first woman elected (in 1979) to the IEEE Board of Directors, and a longtime advocate for “`the five R’s: recruitment of women students, retention of women students, retraining, redress for discriminated women, and re-education of the profession'” (p.1369, prologue).

Newton, Peggy. “Computing: An Ideal Occupation for Women?” WOMEN AT WORK: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVES, ed. Jenny Firth-Cozens and Michael A. West, pp.84-97. Bristol, PA: Open University Press, 1991.
Examines the dramatic decrease in the number of women entering computing in the UK, noting problems such as the male-identified image of computers as “boys’ toys,” access to computers in secondary schools (related to location in science/mathematics departments, clubs, teachers’ attitudes, etc.), and career perceptions.

Odedra-Straub, Mayuri. “Women and Information Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Topic for Discussion?” WOMEN ENCOUNTER TECHNOLOGY: CHANGING PATTERNS OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD, ed. Swasti Mitter and Sheila Rowbotham, pp.256-277. New York: Routledge in association with the United Nations University Press, 1995.

Oechtering, Veronika and Roswitha Behnke. “Situations and Advancement Measures in Germany.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 75-82.

Ogozalek, Virginia. “A Comparison of Male and Female Computer Science Students’ Attitudes Toward Computers.” SIGCSE BULLETIN v.21, no.2 (June 1989): 8-14.

Parker, Marla, ed. SHE DOES MATH: REAL-LIFE PROBLEMS FROM WOMEN ON THE JOB. Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America, 1995.
Women working in the field of mathematics/engineering/computer science pose real problems for the reader to solve. Relevant articles: “Mary E. Campione: Software Engineering; Computer Science” (pp.4-6); “Maryam Shayegan Hastings; Mathematics and Computer Science” (pp.14-17); “Marla Parker: Computer Science” (pp.76-86); “Susan J. LoVerso: Software Engineering” (pp.108-110); “Barbara Swetman: Computer Science and Computer Graphics” (pp.135-138); and “Polly Moore: Mathematics and Computing” (pp.139-141).

Perry, Ruth and Lisa Greber. “Women and Computers: An Introduction.” SIGNS, v.16, no.1 (Autumn 1990): 74-101.
A substantial essay on the history of women in computing, from early programmers to microelectronics manufacturing to new women’s networks, with analysis of women’s interactions with computer technology and a plea for feminists to “keep human concerns foremost in our critique of changing technology” (p.101).

Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence and Mertz, Norma. “Executive Mentoring: What Makes It Work?” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.38, no.1 (January 1995): 63-73.
Extensive description and analysis of an actual 18-month mentoring program.

Preston, Christina. “Creative Telematics.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.187-201. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
“Traces the life story of an educational computing professional” (a “late entrant to computing” from the fields of English and drama) and offers a female perspective of the future of computing (author’s abstract).

Rasmussen, Bente and Tove Hapnes. “Excluding Women from the Technologies of the Future? A Case Study of the Culture of Computer Science.” FUTURES v.23, no.10 (December 1991): 1107-1119.
Explores the culture of hackers and other males in the field of computerscience.html and their impact on women students.

Rifkin, Glenn. “The `Iron Lady’ Keeping Lotus on Track.” NEW YORK TIMES (Late New York Edition), (January 23, 1994): sec.3, p.10.
A look at June L. Rokoff, senior vice-president for software development at Lotus Development, who is a target for executive-seeking recruiters due to her success in both dealing with new technology and managing people.

Schelhowe, Heidi and Karin Vosseberg. “Aspects of Women’s Research in Computer Science.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.67-80. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Schneider, Karen. “Four Librarians of the Apocalypse.” WILSON LIBRARY BULLETIN v.69, no.2 (October 1994): 35-38.
Schneider examines the email comments of four librarians working with automation issues, concluding that in order to preserve the professional service function of the “librarian” title, such “technowomen” need to “seek support [mentors], promote yourself, publish, and re-image your skills not only to react to the present, but also to shape the future.”

Schwartz, Evan. “The Lucie Show: Shaking Up a Stodgy IBM.” BUSINESS WEEK (April 6, 1992): 64-65.
A look at Lucie J. Fjeldstad, vice-president and general manager of IBM’s multimedia division, and her attempts to move IBM toward more consumer electronics marketing.

Shapiro, G. “Informal Processes and Women’s Careers in Information Technology Management.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.423-437. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.

Shatin, Judith. “Women in Computer Music: A Sampling.” AWC NEWS/FORUM, v.ix (Spring/Summer 1991): 3-7.
Surveys the accomplishments of musicians Joanne D. Carey, Emma Lou Diemer, Janis Mattox, Linda Seltzer, Judith Shatin, and Diane Thome, with brief biographies and a discography.

Sonnentag, S. “Team Leading in Software Development: A Comparison Between Women and Men.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.379-391. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.

Sproull, Lee S., et al. “Encountering an Alien Culture.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES v.40, no.3 (Fall 1984): 31-48.

Stanley, Autumn. “Daughters of the Enchantress of Numbers and Grandma Cobol: Women Inventors and Innovators in Computers and Related Technology.” MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS OF INVENTION: NOTES FOR A REVISED HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, pp.629-745. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1993.
This extensive treatment of women in the field of computers/information technology looks at pioneers such as Ada Lovelace and Grace Hopper, notes the machine/hardware designers from the “ENIAC girls” onward, describes the work of many women in software/applications development, and offers an extensive bibliography.

Stein, Dorothy. “Sex and the Cobol Cabal.” NEW SCIENTIST v.115 (September 1987): 79-80.
A brief history of women computer programmers and the development of the Cobol language.

Stein, Dorothy. ADA: A LIFE AND A LEGACY. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985. 321p. ill. index.
Biography of Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, a contributor to the early computational machine put together by Babbage. An earlier book on the Countess is ADA, COUNTESS OF LOVELACE: BYRON’S LEGITIMATE DAUGHTER by Doris Langley Moore (New York: Harper & Row, 1977).

Stoltenberg, John. “Turning Problems into Profits.” WORKING WOMAN v.13 (May 1988): 63-64+.
Profiles four women whose businesses teach new users about hardware and software.

Strober, Myra H. and Carolyn L. Arnold. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS/SEGREGATED LABOR: WOMEN IN THREE COMPUTER-RELATED OCCUPATIONS. Stanford, CA: Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance, School of Education, Stanford University, 1984. 46p.

Teague, Joy and Valerie Clarke. “Fiction and Fact: Students’ and Professionals’ Perceptions of Women in Computer Science.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.363-375. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Teague, Joy. “Raising the Self Confidence and Self-Esteem of Final Year Female Students Prior to Job Interviews.” SIGCSE BULLETIN v.24, no.1 (March 1992): 67-71.
Describes a “one-day seminar on handling job interviews” (abstract) with positive evaluations both immediatedly post-seminar and six months later.

Tierney, Margaret. “Negotiating a Software Career: Informal Work Practices and `The Lads’ in a Software Installation.” THE GENDER-TECHNOLOGY RELATION: CONTEMPORARY THEORY AND RESEARCH, ed. Keith Grint and Rosalind Gill, pp.192-209. Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis, 1995.

Tijdens, Kea. “Women in EDP Departments.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.377-390. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

“The Top 100 Women.” WOMEN IN COMPUTING no.2 (1996): 16-34.
McGraw-Hill Publishing Companies’ second annual listing of women in computing offers paragraph-length career briefs (and many photos) of women in both larger companies (Coca-Cola and Xerox among them) and smaller firms.

Tropp, Henry S. “Grace Hopper: The Youthful Teacher of Us All.” ABACUS v.2, no.1 (1984): 7-18.

Turkle, Sherry. “Women and Computer Programming: A Different Approach.” TECHNOLOGY REVIEW v.87 (November/December 1984): 48-50.

van Oost, E.C.J. “The Process of Sex-Typing of Computer Occupations.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.407-421. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Vare, Ethlie Ann and Greg Ptacek. “Hopper, Grace, Naval Officer and Computer Scientist.” MOTHERS OF INVENTION: FROM THE BRA TO THE BOMB: FORGOTTEN WOMEN & THEIR UNFORGETTABLE IDEAS. New York: Quill, 1987.
Other brief biographical passages appear in James Cortada’s HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF DATA PROCESSING: BIOGRAPHIES (Greenwood Press, 1987) and PORTRAITS IN SILICON by Robert Slater (MIT Press, 1987). MOTHERS OF INVENTION also includes a piece on Ada Lovelace.

Vehvilainen, Marja. “Living Through the Boundaries of Information Systems Expertise: A Work History of a Finnish Woman Systems Developer.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.107-120. Amsterdam: New York: Elsevier, 1994.
Uses an oral work history and texts to explore how “women’s subjectivities” can be considered in systems development.

“Where Career Ladders are Like Roller Coasters.” WORKING WOMAN v.14 (May 1989): 55-56+.
Profiles of five women working in large high-tech corporations, noting that regular upheavals in such industries create opportunities for women’s advancement. The women are: Patricia Higgins (AT&T), Kathryn Braun (Western Digital), Susan Kelly Barnes (Next), Anne-Lee Verville (IBM), and Patricia Wallington (Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance).

Whitehouse, Diane. “Women, Employment, and Information Technology: A View from the United Kingdom.” THE INFORMATION SOCIETY: EVOLVING LANDSCAPES, ed. Jacques Berleur et al., pp.340-355. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

Wilder, Clinton. “Women in Charge.” COMPUTERWORLD v.26, no.20 (May 18, 1992): 155.
Profiles three women executives who crossed over from information systems management to business management: Katherine Hudson (Eastman Kodak), Patricia Barron (Xerox), and Susan Mersereau (Weyerhaeuser).

“The Wizards of Oz.” MADEMOISELLE v.100 (September 1994): 227.
Interviews with Phoebe Sengers and Alma Whitten on their careers in computer work.

WOMEN OF COMPUTER HISTORY: FORGOTTEN PIONEERS. Wilmington, DE: World Information Institute, 1989. unpaged. (Not examined.)

WOMEN, MINORITIES, AND PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: 1994. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 1994. 404p.
Statistical tables and analyses offer information on undergraduate and graduate women in computerscience.html, number of degrees awarded, etc.

Wright, Rosemary. WOMEN IN COMPUTER CAREERS: CONTROLLED PROGRESS IN A MALE OCCUPATION. Philadelphia, PA: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1994. 258p.
Using statistics from the Department of Education, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and a National Science Foundation survey including 6,200 computer workers, this study concluded that although “the earnings gap narrowed and gender segregation lessened during the 1980s,…after two decades of rising, women’s representation in computer work began to fall” and that “many women are disadvantaged by their lack of engineering credentials and experience” (author’s abstract).

Yap, Chee Sing and Helen Tng. “Factors Associated with Attitudes Towards Telecommuting.” INFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT v.19 (November 1990): 227-235.

Zientara, Marguerite. WOMEN, TECHNOLOGY AND POWER: TEN STARS AND THE HISTORY THEY MADE. New York: Amacom, 1987. 282p. bibl. index.
Interviews with ten women who worked in the development of the microcomputer industry between 1975 and 1985, in such areas as hardware and software design, venture capital, analysis, and consulting.

EDUCATION

There are so many studies available on gender and information technology in the field of education that it’s impossible to evaluate them without subject expertise. Not a comprehensive listing, this collection is more of a sampling of the studies analyzing gender factors in attitudes toward and use of computers, stereotypes, gendered computer games, cross-cultural comparisons, and the like. Many citations come from other bibliographies or indexes, so be aware that the serious researcher in this area will have some sifting and winnowing to do to find the most relevant information. The resources included in this section are focused more on K-12 and general undergraduate use of computers, as opposed to the study of women computer science students (see the “Computer Science” section for these), though there is obviously overlap between these categories.

This section is very selective of pre-1988 materials, relying instead on more recent reviews of the literature (see citations marked with *). Some earlier articles are included due to their particular angle of the research (mathematics, women’s studies, counseling, age group, etc.) or the “classic” nature of the study. A number of more general studies on gender and technology or gender and mathematics are not included here but are likely cited by some of the articles listed and may provide useful information for researchers.

Anderson, Ronald E. “Females Surpass Males in Computer Problem Solving: Findings From the Minnesota Computer Literacy Assessment.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.3, no.1 (1987): 39-51.

Angell, Marion D. “A Program to Develop through LOGO the Computer Self-Confidence of Seventh Grade Low-Achieving Girls.” M.S. Practicum, Nova University, 1991. 70p. Available from ERIC: ED 341382.
Results showed the seventh-grade low-achieving girls increased their self-confidence regarding computers through LOGO programming work.

Apple, Michael and Susan Jungck. “‘You Don’t Have to Be a Teacher to Teach This Unit’: Teaching, Technology, and Gender in the Classroom.” AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL v.27, no.2 (Summer 1990): 227-251.
Reports on a study of use of a computer literacy curriculum by teachers. While use of the prepackaged curriculum seemed to not enhance their skills, it did ease the intensity of some teachers’ dual-job (work and home) schedules by saving planning/preparation time.

Arenz, Bernard and Miheon J. Lee. “Gender Differences in the Selection of Elective Computer Science Courses.” 1989. 33p. From “Proceedings of Selected Research Papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (Dallas, TX, February 1-5, 1989).” Available from ERIC: ED308806.

Arenz, Bernard W. and Miheon J. Lee. “Gender Differences in the Attitude, Interest and Participation of Secondary Students in Computer Use.” 1990. ED 327389. 68p. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Boston, MA, April 16-20, 1990). Available from ERIC: ED327389.
Summary of a series of studies carried out over three years in middle and high school levels.

Baines, S. “Personal Computing, Gender and Distance Education.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.267-282. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Becker, Henry J. and Carleton W. Sterling. “Equity in School Computer Use: National Data and Neglected Considerations.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.3, no.3 (1987): 289-311.

Beeson, Betty Spillers and R. Ann Williams. “The Effects of Gender and Age on Preschool Children’s Choice of the Computer as a Child-Selected Activity.” JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE v.36, no.5 (1985): 339-341.

Bell, Margaret. “By George, She’s Got IT!” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.225-230. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
Examines the concerns of the National Council for Educational Technology (Great Britain) as to girls’ educational participation with information technology.

Bernhard, Judith K. “Gender-Related Attitudes and the Development of Computer Skills: A Preschool Intervention.” ALBERTA JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH v.38, no.3 (September 1992): 177-188.

Bitter, Gary G. “Technology and Minorities: A Local Program Aimed at Increasing Technological Capabilities of Hispanic Women.” COMPUTERS IN THE SCHOOLS v.9, no.1 (1992): 7-29.

Bland, Jana. “Gender Inequity a Decade Later: Still Hampering Female Potential in Educational Technology.” THE DELTA KAPPA GAMMA BULLETIN v.61 (Summer 1995): 29-32.

Bohlin, Roy M. “Computers and Gender Differences: Achieving Equity.” COMPUTERS IN THE SCHOOLS v.9, nos.2-3 (1993): 155-166.

* Borgo, Suzanne Lavon. “Ideology and Science: An Interpretive Analysis of Research on Gender, Computers, and Education.” Charlottesville, VA: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1992. 202p.
Reviews 104 empirical studies on gender, computers and education.

Brady, Holly and Twila Slesnick. “Girls Don’t Like Fluffware Either.” CLASSROOM COMPUTER LEARNING v.5 (April/May 1985): 22-24+.

Bromley, Hank. ENGENDERING TECHNOLOGY: THE SOCIAL PRACTICE OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING. Madison, WI: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1995. 474p.

Brunet, Jean and Serge Prouix. “Formal Versus Grass-Roots Training: Women, Work and Computers.” JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION v.39, no.3 (1989): 77-84.
Descriptions of two microcomputer training programs offered in Montreal, one based on more traditional methods, another run by a neighborhood group.

Brunner, Corneila. “Gender and Distance Learning.” ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE v.514 (March 1991): 133-145.
Part of special issue titled “Electronics for Learning,” ed. by Vivian M. Homer and Linda G. Roberts.

Burstyn, Joan N. “‘Who Benefits and Who Suffers’: Gender and Education at the Dawn of the Age of Information Technology.” YEARBOOK (National Society for the Study of Education) 92nd, part 1 (1993): 107-125.

Busch, Tor. “Gender Differences in Self-Efficacy and Attitudes Toward Computers.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.12, no.2 (1995): 147-158.

* Cambre, Marjorie A. and Desmond L. Cook. “Computer Anxiety: Definition, Measurement, and Correlates.” 1984. 33p. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (New Orleans, LA, April 23-27, 1984). Available from ERIC: ED246085.
Though not specifically focused on gender, this review of available research is potentially useful in examining an anxiety often expressed by women students.

* Canada, Katherine and Frank Brusca. “The Technological Gender Gap: Evidence and Recommendations for Educators and Computer-Based Instruction Designers.” EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT v.39, no.2 (1991): 43-51.
Reviewing research that documents different computer-related attitudes, behaviors, and skills from elementary through college level, the authors suggest interventions ranging from acknowledging the problem to restructuring computer facilities to redesigning software.

Chen, Milton. “Gender and Computers: The Beneficial Effects of Experience on Attitudes.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.2, no.3 (1986): 265-282.

* Chivers, Geoff. “Information Technology — Girls and Education: A Cross-Cultural Review.” WOMEN AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ed. Marilyn J. Davidson and Cary L. Cooper, pp.13-32. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987.

Cianni, Mary and Andrea Growney. “PC Squared: Programming Computers, Planning Careers.” JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR WOMEN DEANS, ADMINISTRATORS, & COUNSELORS v.50 (Spring 1987): 33-38.

Clariana, Roy B. and Charles W. Schultz. “Gender by Content Achievement Differences in Computer-based Instruction.” THE JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE TEACHING v.12, nos.3-4 (1993): 277-288.

Clarke, V.A. “Sex Differences in Computing Participation: Concerns, Extent, Reasons and Strategies.” AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION v.34 (1990): 52-66.

Clarke, Valerie and Susan M. Chambers. “Gender-Based Factors in Computing Enrollments and Achievement: Evidence from a Study of Tertiary Students.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.5, no.4 (1989): 409-429.

Clewell, Beatriz C. INTERVENTION PROGRAMS IN MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR MINORITY AND FEMALE STUDENTS IN GRADES FOUR THROUGH EIGHT. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1987. 120p. ill.

Clewell, Beatriz C., et al. “The Prevalence and Nature of Mathematics, Science, and Computer Science Intervention Programs Serving Minority and Female Students in Grades Four Through Eight.” EQUITY & EXCELLENCE v.25 (Winter 1992): 209-215.

* Cole, Anne, et al. “Information Technology and Gender: Problems and Proposals.” GENDER AND EDUCATION, v.6, no.1 (1994): 77-85.
This survey of recent research on gender bias in favor of males at the secondary level in Scotland highlights problem areas and offers suggestions for classroom teaching.

Colley, Ann M., et al. “Effects of Gender Role Identity and Experience on Computer Attitude Components.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.10, no.2 (1994): 129-137.

Colley, Ann M., et al. “Gender Effects in the Stereotyping of Those With Different Kinds of Computing Experience.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.12, no.1 (1995): 19-27.

Collis, Betty and Lloyd Ollila. “The Effect of Computer Use on Grade 1 Children’s Gender Stereotypes About Reading, Writing and Computer Use.” JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN EDUCATION v.24 (Fall 1990): 14-20.

Collis, Betty and Richard Williams. “Cross-cultural Comparison of Gender Differences in Adolescents’ Attitudes Toward Computers and Selected School Subjects.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH v.81 (Sept./Oct. 1987): 17-27.

Collis, Betty. “Adolescent Females and Computers: Real and Perceived Barriers.” DESPITE THE ODDS: ESSAYS ON CANADIAN WOMEN AND SCIENCE, ed. Marianne Gosztonyi Ainley, pp.272-283. Montreal: Vehicule Press, 1990.

Collis, Betty. “Psychosocial Implications of Sex Differences in Attitudes Toward Computers: Results of a Survey.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S STUDIES v.8, no.3 (1985): 207-213.
A survey of attitudes among 3,000 secondary school students found strong differences between young men and women, with women convinced of the overall abilities of their gender but less confident about their individual competence with computers (dubbed the “we can, but I can’t” paradox). See also: “Sex-Related Differences in Attitudes Toward Computers: Implications for Counselors” in SCHOOL COUNSELOR v.33, no.2 (1985): 120-130.

Collis, Betty. “Sex Differences in the Association Between Secondary School Students’ Attitudes Toward Mathematics and Toward Computers.” JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION v.18, no.5 (1987): 394-402.

* “Computers for All Children: A Literature Review of Equity Issues in Computer Utilization.” San Francisco, CA: Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development, 1985. 31p.

THE COMPUTING TEACHER v.11, no.8 (April 1984); special issue: “Computer Equity: Overview, Research, Practical Ideas,” ed. Sharon Franklin.
Includes: “Inequities in Opportunities for Computer Literacy” (Ronald E. Anderson et al.); “Equity in Computer Education” (Sen. Frank R. Lautenberg); “Computer Education for ALL Students” (Anthony J. Alvarado); “Sex Equity: Increasing Girls’ Use of Computers” (Marlaine E. Lockheed and Steven B. Frakt); “Computer Equity and Computer Educators (You)” (John Lipkin); “Enrollment Differences in Computer Camps and Summer Classes” (Irene T. Miura and Robert D. Hess); “Access to Computers” (Glenn Fisher); “Practical Solutions to Overcoming Equity in Computer Use” (Jane G. Schubert and Thomas W. Bakke); “The Computer: Male, Female, or Androgynous?” (Jo Shuchat Sanders).

Crutzen, C.K.M., et al. “Women in Informatics at the Open University of The Netherlands.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.282-296. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Culley, Lorraine. “Girls, Boys and Computers.” EDUCATIONAL STUDIES v.14, no.1 1988: 3-8.
A study of 974 fourth and fifth-year students in British secondary schools, including those in two all-girls’ schools, plus a survey of 238 additional school programs. See also: GENDER DIFFERENCES AND COMPUTING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS (Loughborough, UK: Department of Education, Loughborough University of Techology, 1986), a 77-page, illustrated study.

Culley, Lorraine. “Option Choice and Careers Guidance: Gender and Computing in Secondary Schools.” WESTERN EUROPEAN EDUCATION v.21. no.4 (Winter 1989-90): 41-53.
British secondary school career guidance personnel, according to this analysis of a previous study, attribute sex-stereotyped choices to non-school factors and tend not to intervene within the school program. (See “Girls, Boys and Computers.”)

Damarin, Suzanne K. “Equity, Caring, and Beyond: Can Feminist Ethics Inform Educational Technology?” EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY v.34 (February 1994): 34-39.

Damarin, Suzanne K. “Rethinking Science and Mathematics Curriculum and Instruction: Feminist Perspectives in the Computer Era.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATION v.173, no.1 (1991): 107-123.
Basing her thinking on such researchers as Harding, Bleier, Fausto-Sterling, Keller, McKee, and others, the author suggests that though existing educational computing curricula are more male-oriented, “computers have much unexplored potential” (p.109), and offers guidelines for feminist instructional software.

Damarin, Suzanne K. “Women and Information Technology: Framing Some Issues for Education.” FEMINIST TEACHER v.6, no.2 (Fall 1991): 16-20.
A questioning look at the relationship of computers to women, in both education and work settings, and discussion of the need for women’s perspectives and attitudes in the ongoing development of new technologies.

Daniels, Jane Zimmer. “Expanding the Pipeline: Programs Target Women, Girls.” COMPUTING RESEARCH NEWS v.6, no.3 (May 1994).

DeRemer, Mary. “The Computer Gap in Elementary School.” COMPUTERS IN THE SCHOOLS v.6, no.3/4 (1989): 39-49.

Durndell, Alan and P. Lightbody. “Gender and Computing: Change Over Time?” COMPUTERS & EDUCATION v.21 (November 1993): 331-336.

Durndell, Alan D. “Why Do Female Students Tend to Avoid Computer Studies?” RESEARCH IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION v.8, no.2 (1990): 163-170.
A sample of 210 students of naturalscience.htmls and business responded to a questionnaire as to why they chose not to study computing. Both sexes, particularly females, preferred working with humans rather than sitting at a machine, with other factors having less impact. See also: “Gender Differences and Computing in Course Choice at Entry into Higher Education” in BRITISH EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL v.16, no.2 (1990): 149-162.

Eager, C.J. “Developing a Computing Access Course for Women: A Course Tutor’s Perspective.” WOMEN, WORK AND COMPUTERIZATION: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING BIAS IN WORK AND EDUCATION, ed. Inger V. Eriksson et al., pp.297-312. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Eastman, Susan T. and Kathy A. Krendl. “Computers and Gender: Differential Effects of Electronic Search on Students’ Achievement and Attitudes.” JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN EDUCATION v.20, no.3 (Spring 1987): 41-48.

Ekljaer, Bente. “Girls and Information Technology in Denmark: An Account of a Socially Constructed Problem.” GENDER & EDUCATION v.4, nos.1/2 (1992): 25-40.

Eley, Penny and Penny Simons. “Languages and the Computer: Opportunities to Develop IT Skills.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.255-268. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
Relates the “experiences of two women academics in introducing information technology into the curriculum of a university French department” as an alternative to students experiencing potentially alienating computer courses.

Elliott, Alison. “Effects of Gender on Preschoolers’ Play and Learning in Logo Environments.” JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CHILDHOOD EDUCATION v.4, no.2 (1993): 103-124.

Ellsworth, Elizabeth. “Computer Equity Through Gendered Software?” FEMINIST COLLECTIONS v.7, no.3 (Spring 1986): 6-9.

Fish, Marian, et al. “The Effect of Equity Strategies on Girls’ Computer Usage in School.” COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR v.2, no.2 (1986): 127-134.
This study found that intervention strategies significantly increased middle school girls’ computer usage. Intervention techniques were based on THE NEUTER COMPUTER by Jo Shuchat and Antonia Stone (see that entry).

Forsyth, Alfred S. “Girls and Microcomputers: A Hopeful Finding Regarding Software.” COMPUTERS IN THE SCHOOLS v.6, no.3/4 (1989): 51-59.

Francis, Leslie J. “Measuring Attitude Toward Computers Among Undergraduate College Students: The Affective Domain.” COMPUTERS & EDUCATION v.20, no.3 (April 1993): 251-255.

Francis, Leslie J. “The Relationship between Computer Related Attitudes and Gender Stereotyping of Computer Use.” COMPUTERS & EDUCATION v.22 (May 1994): 283-289.

Fuchs, Lucy. “Closing the Gender Gap: Girls and Computers.” January 1986. Paper presented at the Florida Instructional Computing conference (Orlando, Fl, January 21-24, 1986). 10p. Available from ERIC: ED271103.

Gailey, Stavroula K. “The G.A.M.E.S. Experience.” THE DELTA KAPPA GAMMA BULLETIN v.58 (Summer 1992): 47-52.
Discusses the “Girls and Mathematics Equals Success” program.

Gattiker, Urs E. “Individual Differences and Acquiring Computer Literacy: Are Women More Efficient Than Men?” Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Lethbridge University Faculty of Management, 1989. 63p. Available from ERIC: ED311344.
Finds evidence for women being more successful in transferring computer practice into better learning performance across ability groups.

George, Yolanda S., et al. “Computer Equity for the Future.” COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM v.36 (May 1993): 78-81.
As VCR’s, CD players, microwaves, and other equipment move more people toward interactions with computer technology, educators are working on training for teachers and children in low-income areas.

Gilstrap, Myrna Loy Minter. INFLUENCE OF COMPUTER LITERACY UPON RE-ENTRY WOMEN IN OFFICE SYSTEMS AND OFFICE TECHNOLOGY CLASSES (WOMEN STUDENTS). Lubbock, TX: Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Woman’s University, 1994. 150p.

Griffiths, Morwenna and Margaret Alfrey. “A Stereotype in the Making: Girls and Computers in Primary Schools.” EDUCATIONAL REVIEW v.41, no.1 (1989): 73-79.
Noting that sex differences in computer use in schools likely results from the way computers are introduced, associated with math and science and of use primarily with older children, the authors argue that integration of the computer across the whole primary curriculum would help diminish stereotypes.

Grignon, Jerilyn R. “Computer Experience of Menominee Indian Students: Gender Differences in Coursework and Use of Software.” JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INDIAN EDUCATION v.32 (May 1993): 1-15.

Harrington, Susan Marie. “Barriers to Women in Undergraduate Computer Science: The Effects of the Computer Environment on the Success and Continuance of Female Students.” Eugene, OR: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon, 1990. 202p.
From interviews, enrollment and achievement records in computer science courses, and review of the literature, the author found that women students in computerscience.html achieved better overall grades yet dropped out at a higher rate than men, suggesting that “enculturating and socializing forces” rather than any deficiency in ability was the cause of women’s underrepresentation in the field.

Hattie, John and Donald Fitzgerald. “Sex Differences in Attitudes, Achievement and Use of Computers.” AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION v.31, no.1 (April 1987): 3-26.

Hesse-Biber, Sharlene and Melissa Kesler Gilbert. “Closing the Technological Gender Gap: Feminist Pedagogy in the Computer-assisted Classroom.” TEACHING SOCIOLOGY v.22 (January 1994): 19-31.

Hodes, Carol L. “Gender Representations in Mathematics Software.” [1995]. 13p. Available from ERIC: ED380277.
Examines representation of gender in popular mathematics software for grades K-6 (12 % of main characters were female, all in traditional female roles).

Huff, Charles and Joel Cooper. “Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effect of Designers’ Stereotypes on the Software They Design.” JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY v.17, no.6 (1987): 519-532.

Inkpen, Kori, et al. “‘We Have Never-Forgetful Flowers in Our Garden’: Girls’ Responses to Electronic Games.” JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE TEACHING v.13, no.4 (1994): 383-403.

Jacobson, Frances F. “Finding Help in All the Right Places: Working Toward Gender Equity.” JOURNAL OF YOUTH SERVICES IN LIBRARIES v.7 (Spring 1994): 289-293.
Discusses the use of computers in libraries and how to help girls in making use of computer opportunities.

Jacobson, Frances F. “Gender Differences in Attitudes toward Using Computers in Libraries: An Exploratory Study.” LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH v.13, no.3 (July-September 1991): 267-279.
Looks at the relationship between library anxiety and computer anxiety.

Jennings, Mary and Robyn Smits. TEACHING COMPUTING TO WOMEN: A RESOURCE PACK. Cambridge: National Extension College, 1986. 87p. bibl. ill.
Geared to women who believe they know little about computers, with reproducible materials, a feminist perspective, and information on Third World women’s participation in electronics manufacturing, health and safety concerns, and the effects of computers on employment.

Jones, Trudi and Valerie A. Clarke. “Diversity as a Determinant of Attitudes: A Possible Explanation of the Apparent Advantage of Single-Sex Settings.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.12, no.1 (1995): 51-64.

Kay, J., et al. “Not Even Well Begun: Women in Computing Courses.” HIGHER EDUCATION v.18, no.5 (1989): 511-527.
Based on a 1985 Australian study, this review finds that overemphasis on the technology of computers and on mathematics feeds into gender stereotypes that eliminate many women from beginning computer courses, though women’s performance equals or exceeds men’s by the final year of the program.

* Kay, Robin H. “An Analysis of Methods Used to Examine Gender Differences in Computer-related Behavior.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.8, no.3 (1992): 277-290.
Reviews the literature on gender differences in computing and finds conflicting results, largely, the author concludes, due to sloppy methodology, including faulty sample selection, scale development, and analysis. Five suggested guides for better research are presented. See also: “A Critical Evaluation of Gender Differences in Computer-related Behavior” in COMPUTERS IN THE SCHOOLS v.9, no.4 (1993): 81-93.

* Kay, Robin H. “An Examination of Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes, Aptitude, and Use.” April 1992. 28p. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association (San Francisco, CA, April 20-24, 1992). Available from ERIC: ED346848.
Critiques the confusing array of studies of gender differences in computer-related behaviors, suggesting that results depend on attitudes assessed, skills being measured, use of the computer, and age group. See also: “Understanding Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes, Aptitude, and Use: An Invitation to Build Theory” in JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON COMPUTING IN EDUCATION v.25 (Winter 1992): 159-171.

Kay, Robin H. “Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes, Literacy, Locus of Control and Commitment.” JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON COMPUTING IN EDUCATION v.21 (Spring 1989): 307-316.

Kiesler, Sara, et al. “Pool Halls, Chips, and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing.” PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY, v.9, no.4 (1985): 451-462.
Noting that “the world of computing seems to be more consistent with male adolescent culture than with feminist values and goals,” the authors conclude th at games and software need to be designed differently in order to reach girls. Better teacher training programs are also suggested.

Kim, Young Hoi. A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENDER, COMPUTER ANXIETY, MATH ANXIETY, AND TEST ANXIETY IN A COLLEGE-LEVEL COMPUTERIZED TESTING SITUATION. Lubbock, TX: Ed.d. dissertation, Texas Tech University, 1992.

Kirk, David. “Gender Issues in Information Technology as Found in Schools: Authentic/Synthetic/Fantastic?” EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY v.32, no.4 (April 1992): 28-31.

Kirkup, Gill. “Considering the Effect on Women Students of an Increased Use of Microcomputers in Distance Education.” Walton, Bletchley, Buck, England: Open University, Institute of Educational Technology, 1988. CITE Report No. 28. 13p. Paper presented at the International Council for Distance Education World Conference (Oslo, Norway, August 9-16, 1988). Available from ERIC: ED327180.
Questions the impact of a requirement for home computer use among female Open University students who have less access to computers and are less likely to register for courses requiring computer use.

Kirkup, Gill. “Sowing Seeds: Initiatives for Improving the Representation of Women.” TOWARDS NEW HORIZONS FOR WOMEN IN DISTANCE EDUCATION, ed. K. Faith, pp.287-312. New York: Routledge, 1988.

Klein, Reva. “Canterbury at the Cutting Edge.” THE TIMES EDUCATIONAL SUPPLEMENT v.4056 (March 25, 1994), Update: 24-25.

Koch, Melissa. “No Girls Allowed!” TECHNOS v.3, no.3 (Fall 1994): 14-19.

Koch, Melissa. “Opening Up Technology to Both Genders.” EDUCATION DIGEST v.60 no.3 (November 1994): 18-22

Kramer, Pamela E. and Sheila Lehman. “Mismeasuring Women: A Critique of Research on Computer Ability and Avoidance.” SIGNS v.16, no.1 (Fall 1990): 158-172.
Suggests that measurement of computer learning needs to be redefined away from mathematics-related criteria toward more sociocultural contexts of computing.

Krendl, Kathy, et al. “Children and Computers: Do Sex-Related Differences Persist?” JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION v.39, no.3 (Summer 1989): 85-93.
A three-year longitudinal study concludes that gender differences persist in measures of both interest in computers and confidence in computer skills eve n after experience over time.

Lage, Elizabeth. “Boys, Girls, and Microcomputing.” EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MICROCOMPUTING v.6, no.1 (March 1991): 29-44.
This study found younger students more accepting of technical fields for both sexes; older students were more negative about technical fields for girls.

Leach, Juliette D. and Shirley L. Roberts. “A Soft Technology: Recruiting and Retaining Women and Minorities in High Tech Programs.” COMMUNITY, TECHNICAL, AND JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNAL v.59 (Oct./Nov. 1988): 34-37.

Lewis, Linda H. “Females and Computers: Fostering Involvement.” WOMEN, WORK, AND TECHNOLOGY: TRANSFORMATIONS, ed. Barbara Drygulski Wright et al., pp.268-280. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987.
Examines factors that make for inequities in use of computers by girls and women: media portrayals of computer users, peer approval and support, parental encouragement, female mentors, types of software, attention to cognitive learning styles, etc.

Liu, Min, et al. “Teacher Education Students and Computers: Gender, Major, Prior Computer Experience, Occurrence, and Anxiety.” JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON COMPUTING IN EDUCATION v.24 (Summer 1992): 457-467.

Lockheed, Marlaine E. SEX ROLES v.13, nos.3-4 (August 1985): special issue: “Women, Girls, and Computers.”
Articles on education-related topics (see “General” section for other articles) include: “Cognitive Engagement Variations Among Students of Different Ability Level and Sex in a Computer Problem Solving Game” (Ellen B. Mandinach and Lyn Corno); “Computers and Girls: Rethinking the Issues” (Jan Hawkins); “Fostering Equitable Consequences from Computer Learning Environments” (Marcia C. Linn); “Gender and Computers: Two Surveys of Computer-Related Attitudes” (Gita Wilder et al.); “Gender Differences in Enrollment in Computer Camps and Classrooms” (Robert D. Hess and Irene T. Miura); “Men and Women as Computer-Using Teachers” (Henry J. Becker); “Sex Differences on the California Statewide Assessment of Computer Literacy” (Mark Fetler); and “Teachers as Role Models: Are There Gender Differences in Microcomputer-Based Mathematics and Science Instruction?” (Cathleen Stasz et al.).

* Lockheed, Marlaine. “Sex and Ethnic Differences in Middle School Mathematics, Science and Computer Science; What Do We Know?” Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1985. 194p. bibl. Available from ERIC: ED303353.
A review of some 400 studies on participation by female and minority students in mathematics andscience.html, finding that grades four through eight are critical years.

Lovegrove, Gillian and Barbara Segal, eds. WOMEN INTO COMPUTING: SELECTED PAPERS 1988-1990. London: Springer-Verlag with the British Computer Society, 1991.
Papers from the 1990 conference, Women Into Computing, centering mostly on how to get girls into working with computers at school.

Loyd, Brenda, et al. “Gender and Computer Experience as Factors in the Computer Attitudes of Middle School Students.” JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE v.7, no.1 (Spring 1987): 13-19.

Makrakis, Vasilios. “Cross-Cultural Comparison of Gender Differences in Attitude towards Computers in Japan and Sweden.” SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH v.36, no.4 (1992): 275-287.

Makrakis, Vasilios. “Gender and Computing in Schools in Japan: The ‘We Can, I Can’t’ Paradox.” COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION v.20 (March 1993): 191-198.

Martin, C. Dianne and Eric Murchie-Beyma, eds. “In Search of Gender Free Paradigms for Computer Science Education.” [Proceedings of a Preconference Research Workshop at the National Educational Computing Conference (Nashville, Tennessee, June 24, 1990).] International Society for Technology in Education, Eugene, OR. 1992. 160p. Available from ERIC: ED349941.
Includes nine papers delivered at the preconference workshop and one previously unpublished paper: “Report on the Workshop: In Search of Gender Free Paradigms for Computer Science Education” (C. Dianne Martin); “Understanding Gender Biases in Computer-related Behavior: Are We Using the Wrong Metaphor?” (Robin Kay); “Gender Differences in Human Computer Interaction” (Charles W. Huff et al.); “Gender and Attitude Toward Computers” (James R. Aman); “Female Students’ Underachievement in Computer Science and Mathematics: Reasons and Recommendations” (Lesley S. Klein); “Implications of the Computer Culture for Women of Color” (Carol Edwards); “Strategies for Involving Girls in Computer Science” (Valerie Clark); “A New Introduction to Computer Science” (Danielle R. Bernstein); “Restructuring Departments for Equality” (Henry Etzkowitz et al.); “Gender Equity: A Partial List of Resources” (Cincy Meyer Hancher). See also C. Dianne Martin’s “In Search of Gender-Free Paradigms for Computer Science Education in COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION v.5, no.3 (Spring 1991): 10-15.

* Maurer, Matthew M. “Computer Anxiety Correlates and What They Tell Us: A Literature Review.” COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR v.10, no.3 (Fall 1994): 369-376.

McGrath, Diane, et al. “Sex Differences in Computer Attitudes and Beliefs Among Rural Middle School Children after a Teacher Training Intervention.” JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON COMPUTING IN EDUCATION v.24 (Summer 1992): 468-485.

Miller, Fayneese S. and Narendra Varma. “The Effects of Psychosocial Factors on Indian Children’s Attitudes Toward Computers.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.10, no.3 (1994): 223-238.
Discusses gender differences among junior high school-age children in India.

Miura, Irene T. “The Relationship of Computer Self-Efficacy Expectations to Computer Interest and Course Enrollment in College.” SEX ROLES v.16, no.5/6 (1987): 303-311.

Mol, Anne-Lieke. “Experimenting with Home Language Instruction for Moroccan Women via Interactive Cable.” MEDIA DEVELOPMENT v.38, no.2 (1991): 28-29.
Analysis of this small experiment in interactive instruction concludes that failure was largely due to greater concern for technological ends than the needs and gender of the users.

* Moore, Barbara G. “Equity in Education: Gender Issues in the Use of Computers: A Review and Bibliography.” REVIEW AND EVALUATION BULLETINS v.6, no.1 (1986). 73p. bibl.
Reviews research on computer use at elementary and secondary levels and suggests interventions.

* Morse, Frances K. and Colette Daiute. “I LIKE Computers versus I LIKERT Computers: Rethinking Methods for Assessing the Gender Gap in Computing.” April 1992. 37p. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association (San Francisco, CA, April 20-24, 1992). Available from ERIC: ED349939.
Reviews previous studies on gender differences in attitudes and behavior regarding computers, describes a study that challenges Likert scaling on computer attitude surveys as unfair to women, and suggests more research on computing activity not related to mathematics or programming.

Moses, Louise E. “Our Computer Science Classrooms: Are They ‘Friendly’ to Female Students?” SIGCSE BULLETIN v.25, no.3 (1993): 3-12. Also available at: URL: http://www.muc.edu/cwis/person/moses/comments/paper.html

Munger, Gail F. and Brenda H. Loyd. “Gender and Attitudes Toward Computers and Calculators: Their Relationship to Math Performance.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.5, no.2 (1989): 167-177.

* Nelson, Carole S. and J. Allen Watson. “The Computer Gender Gap: Children’s Attitudes, Performance, and Socialization.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS v.19, no.4 (1990-91): 345-353.
This review of research studies on gender differences in computer-based education from preschool through high school pulls out 18 factors that significantly affect development of the discrepancy. Attitude, family, software, and educational environment are some broad areas affecting student use of computers.

Neuman, Delia. “Beyond the Chip: A Model for Fostering Equity.” SCHOOL LIBRARY MEDIA QUARTERLY v.18, no.3 (Spring 1990): 158-164.

* Neuman, Delia. “Technology and Equity: ERIC Digest.” Syracuse, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse On Information Resources, 1991. 4p. Available at URL: gopher://ericir.syr.edu:70/11/Digests (search for “technology and equity”).
Review of some of the literature on computer equity.

O’Hare, Sharon L. and Arnold S. Kahn. “A Computer Bulletin Board in Women’s Studies Courses.” TRANSFORMATIONS: THE NEW JERSEY PROJECT JOURNAL v.5 (1994): 64-73. Also availableonline.html. URL: http://www.inform.umd.edu:8080/EdRes/Topic/WomensStudies/Computing/Articles+ResearchPapers/email+womensstudies
Examines the postings on a computer bulletin board set up for an introductory women’s studies evening class team-taught in 1992.

Okebukola, Peter Akinsola. “The Gender Factor in Computer Anxiety and Interest Among Some Australian High School Students.” EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH v.35 (Summer 1993): 181-189.

O’Rourke, J. “Mentor Project Targets Female Undergrads.” COMPUTING RESEARCH NEWS v.5, no.4 (September 1993): 3-5.

Pope-Davis, Donald B. and Walter P. Vispoel. “How Instruction Influences Attitudes of College Men and Women Towards Computers.” COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR v.9, no.1 (Spring 1993): 83-93.
Replicates earlier findings indicating instruction can improve attitudes toward computers, but fails to account for self-selection of the group receiving training.

Pozzi, Stefano, et al. “Learning and Interaction in Groups With Computers: When Do Ability and Gender Matter?” SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT v.2, no.3 (1993): 222-241.

Rauner, Felix for the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. WOMEN STUDY MICROCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY: A REPORT ABOUT INITIAL SURVEY FINDINGS CONCERNING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/MICROCOMPUTER PROJECTS FOR WOMEN IN EC COUNTRIES. Berlin: The Centre, 1985. Bundesallee 22, D-1000, Berlin, Germany 74p. ill.
Includes brief descriptions of 15 projects for training adult women in European countries in technical and/or applications aspects of microcomputers; a preliminary study based on newly begun projects.

Reece, Carol C. “Boys, Girls, and a Scarcity of Microcomputers: ‘They Get On It Before We Can Get To It.'” 1987. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association (Mobile, AL, November 13, 1987). 12p. Available from ERIC: ED291356.
This survey of 212 fourth through sixth graders looked at perceptions of students, preference at working alone or with others, girls’ access to computers at home, and parents’ use of computers.

Reinen, Ingeborg Janssen, and Tj Plomp. “Some Gender Issues in Educational Computer Use: Results of an International Comparative Survey.” COMPUTERS & EDUCATION v.20 (January 1993): 353-365.

Sacks, Colin H., et al. “Attitudes Toward Computers and Computer Use: The Issue of Gender.” JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON COMPUTING IN EDUCATION v.26, no.2 (1994): 256-269.

Sanders, Ian and Vashti Galpin. “A Survey of Attitudes to Computing at the University of Witwatersrand.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.209-223. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
“Attitudinal survey, among first yearscience.html students at a South African university” (p.209).

Sanders, Jo Shuchat and Antonia Stone. THE NEUTER COMPUTER: COMPUTERS FOR GIRLS AND BOYS. New York: Neal-Schuman, 1986. 279p.
Based on a 27-month computer equity project in public schools across the country, this work suggests causes and results of sexism in computer training and offers guidelines and activities for addressing the inequities.

Sanders, Jo Shuchat and Mary McGinnis. COMPUTER EQUITY IN MATH AND SCIENCE: A TRAINER’S WORKSHOP GUIDE. New York: Women’s Action Alliance; Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1991. 134p. bibl. See also: COUNTING ON COMPUTER EQUITY: A QUICK AND EASY GUIDE FOR FINDING OUT IF YOUR SCHOOL HAS A COMPUTER GENDER GAP by the same authors (New York: Scarecrow Press, 1991), 14p.

Sanders, Jo Shuchat. “Closing the Computer Gap.” EXECUTIVE EDUCATOR v.15 (September 1993): 32-33.

Sanders, Jo Shuchat. “Computer Equity for Girls.” SEX EQUITY IN EDUCATION: READINGS AND STRATEGIES, ed. Anne O’Brien Carelli, pp.157-173. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, 1988.

Sanders, Jo Shuchat. “Girls and Technology: Villain Wanted.” TEACHING THE MAJORITY: BREAKING THE GENDER BARRIER IN SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND ENGINEERING, ed. Sue V. Rosser, pp.147-159. New York: Teachers College Press, 1995.
Sanders suggests that while no single factor is likely responsible for girls’ underrepresentation in work with computers, the combination of factors over a period of years has a significant effect.

Schaefer, Lyn and Joan E. Sprigle. “Gender Differences in the Use of the Logo Programming Language.” JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH v.4, no.1 (1988): 49-55.

Schulz-Zander, R. “Concepts and Strategies Concerning Information Technology Education for Girls and Young Women.” COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION, ed. A. McDougall and C. Dowling, pp.195-200. North Holland, MI: Elsevier, 1990.

Shashaani, Lily. “Gender-based Differences in Attitudes Toward Computers.” COMPUTERS & EDUCATION v.20 (March 1993): 169-181.

Shashaani, Lily. “Socioeconomic Status, Parents’ Sex-Role Stereotypes, and the Gender Gap in Computing.” JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON COMPUTING IN EDUCATION v.26 (Summer 1994): 433-451.

Siann, Gerda, et al. “The Effect of Computer Use on Gender Differences in Attitudes to Computers.” COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION v.14, no.2 (1990): 183-191.
Examines a study of a logo programming exercise with primary school children in Scotland.

Siann, Gerda, et al. “Stereotyping in Relation to the Gender Gap in Participation in Computing.” EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH v.30, no.2 (June 1988): 98-103.

Smith, Dorothy E. and Linda Harasim. “Making Connections, Thinking Change Together: Women Teachers and Computer Networks.” FEMINISM AND EDUCATION: A CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE, v.2, ed. Paula Bourne et al. Toronto: Centre for Women’s Studies in Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 1994.

Stepulevage, Linda, et al. “Women-Only Computing in Higher Education.” WOMEN, WORK, AND COMPUTERIZATION: BREAKING OLD BOUNDARIES, BUILDING NEW FORMS, ed. Alison Adam et al., pp.277-291. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, 1994.
Examines a “women-only hands-on IT unit” that explored the “gendered nature of office technology,” received as not necessarily beneficial by students, depending on their previous work and computer experience.

Stitt, Beverly A. “Computers.” GENDER EQUITY IN EDUCATION: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, pp.26-29. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994.
Lists some articles and books, plus software for girls. (Mostly older resources.)

Strang, Wilma. “Wider Opportunities for Women: Emancipatory CAL as the Integrating Factor in a Course Provided for Women Returners.” COMPUTERS & EDUCATION v.15, nos.1-3 (1990): 21-26.

* Sutton, Rosemary E. “Equity and Computers in the Schools: A Decade of Research.” REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH v.61, no.4 (Winter 1992): 475-503.
Looks at research factors such as gender, social class, access to computers, teacher attitudes, curriculum, student interactions and attitudes, concluding that existing inequities are maintained and strengthened by the presence of computers in K-12 and that research is particularly needed on minority and poor children.

Teh, George P.L. and Barry J. Fraser. “Gender Differences in Achievement and Attitudes Among Students Using Computer-assisted Instruction.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA v.22, no.2 (1995): 111-120.

Thurston, Linda P. “Girls, Computers, and Amber Waves of Grain: Computer Equity Programming for Rural Teachers.” 1990. 18p. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Women’s Studies Association (Towson, MD, June 14-18, 1989). Available from ERIC: ED319660.

Underwood, Geoffrey, et al. “Gender Differences and Effects of Co-operation in a Computer-based Language Task.” EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH v.36, no.1 (Spring 1994): 63-74.

Vernon-Gerstenfeld, Susan. “Serendipity? Are There Gender Differences in the Adoption of Computers? A Case Study.” SEX ROLES v.21, no.3-4 (August 1989): 161-173.

Wei, Chin-lung. “Instructional Use of Computers in Boys’, Girls’ and Coeducational Senior High Schools in Taiwan, the Republic of China.” JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-BASED INSTRUCTION v.20 (Winter 1993): 15-20.

Weinberg, Sandy. “Expanding Access to Technology: Computer Equity for Women.” WOMEN, WORK, AND TECHNOLOGY: TRANSFORMATIONS, ed. Barbara Drygulski Wright et al., pp.281-290. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987.
Describes an experiential program at a Philadelphia university that puts students into automation consulting teams for local human services organizations.

Wiburg, Karin. “Gender Issues, Personal Characteristics, and Computing.” COMPUTING TEACHER v.22 (December 1994/January 1995): 7-10.

Wienre, Richard G. “The Impact of Gender, Computer Experience, Mathematics Achievement, and Grade Level Upon Computer Attitudes Among High School Students.” New Brunswick, NY: Ed.D. dissertation, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, 1992. 95p.

Williams, Sue Winkle, et al. “Gender Roles, Computer Attitudes, and Dyadic Computer Interaction in College Students.” SEX ROLES: v.29, no.7 (October 1993): 515-525.
Researchers looked at sex of experimenter, sex of dyads in experiment, sex typing, and past computer experience as related to performance of a particular computer task.

Wilson, Davie, et al. “Cognitive Effects of LOGO and Computer-aided Instruction Among Black and White Zimbabwean Primary School Girls.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY v.131, no.1 (February 1991): 107-116.

Wu, Yi-Kuo and Michael J. Morgan. “Computer Use, Computer Attitudes, and Gender: Differential Implications of Micro and Mainframe Usage Among College Students.” JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON COMPUTING IN EDUCATION v.22 (Winter 1989): 214-228.

Yelland, Nicola J. “A Case Study of Six Children Learning With Logo.” GENDER AND EDUCATION 6, no.1 (1994): 19-33.
A case study of three pairs of six-year-old children working with computer tasks: girl/girl, girl/boy, and boy/boy pairs.